Resources and Development - Class 10 Geography - Chapter 1 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Notes - Resources and Development | Class 10 Contemporary India - II | Social Science
Resources and Development is a crucial chapter for Class 10 students, offering insights into how resources impact human life and how sustainable practices can aid in their conservation. This article provides comprehensive notes on this topic, covering definitions, classifications, and the importance of resource planning.
Introduction
Definition of Resources: Resources are everything available in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs, provided they are technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable.
Importance of Resources in Human Life: Resources are vital for human survival and maintaining the quality of life. They facilitate various activities, including agriculture, industry, and technology.
Classification of Resources
Based on Origin:
Biotic Resources: Derived from living organisms (e.g., plants, animals, forests).
Abiotic Resources: Comprising non-living things (e.g., minerals, water, air).
Based on Exhaustibility:
Renewable Resources: Can be replenished naturally (e.g., solar energy, wind energy).
Non-Renewable Resources: Finite and exhaustible (e.g., fossil fuels, minerals).
Based on Ownership:
Individual Resources: Owned privately by individuals.
Community Resources: Accessible to community members.
National Resources: Belong to the nation.
International Resources: Shared globally an managed internationally.
Based on Status of Development:
Potential Resources: Present in an area but not yet utilized.
Developed Resources: Identified and in use.
Stock: Existing but not yet developed due to lack of technology.
Reserves: Subset of the stock, ready for use with existing technology.
Development of Resources
Human Interaction with Nature: Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate development. Transformation of materials into resources is a key aspect of this interaction.
Problems Due to Indiscriminate Use:
Depletion of Resources: Unsustainable use leading to resource scarcity.
Accumulation in Few Hands: Resource hoarding creating economic disparities.
Ecological Crises: Issues like global warming, ozone depletion, pollution, and land degradation.
Resource Planning
Importance of Resource Planning: Resource planning is essential for sustainable development. It helps in judicious use and equitable distribution of resources, preventing overexploitation.
Resource Planning in India: India has made concerted efforts toward resource planning since the First Five Year Plan. This involves surveying, mapping, and developing a structure for balanced use and conservation.
Sustainable Development
Definition and Importance: Sustainable development ensures that resource use in the present does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It emphasizes balance between environmental protection and economic development.
International Efforts:
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992: Addressed global environmental and socio-economic issues.
Agenda 21: A comprehensive plan for global sustainable development.
Land Resources
Land Use in India: Land is used for forests, agriculture, wastelands, and non-agricultural purposes like industries and settlements.
Land Degradation and Conservation Measures: Human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, and mining lead to land degradation. Conservation measures include afforestation, proper grazing management, and sustainable agricultural practices.
Soil as a Resource
Types of Soils in India:
Alluvial Soil: Found in river valleys, highly fertile.
Black Soil: Ideal for cotton, found in the Deccan Plateau.
Red and Yellow Soil: Found in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau.
Laterite Soil: Formed in regions with high rainfall, suitable for tea and coffee.
Arid Soil: Found in desert areas, need proper irrigation for cultivation.
Forest Soil: Found in mountainous areas, fertile in valleys.
Soil Conservation: Techniques like contour ploughing, terrace farming, and strip cropping are essential to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil health.
Conclusion
Resources are fundamental for any developmental activity, but their irrational consumption can lead to various socio-economic and environmental issues. Sustainable practices and resource planning are imperative to ensure that resources continue to benefit future generations while maintaining ecological balance. By understanding and implementing sustainable practices, students can contribute to a more balanced and equitable use of resources.
These comprehensive notes aim to provide Class 10 students with a thorough understanding of the concepts related to Resources and Development, facilitating their academic growth and awareness of sustainable living practices.
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Extra Questions - Resources and Development | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
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Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation
(b) Deforestation
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Overgrazing
The main cause of land degradation in Punjab is:
(c) Over irrigation
This leads to water logging which in turn increases salinity and alkalinity in the soil, causing degradation.
In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
(a) Punjab
(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh
(c) Haryana
(d) Uttarakhand
Terrace cultivation is commonly practiced in hilly and mountainous regions where it helps in reducing soil erosion and water run-off. Among the options given:
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Punjab, Plains of Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana are predominantly plain areas known for extensive agriculture but not for terrace cultivation.
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(d) Uttarakhand, being a state with significant hilly terrain, practices terrace farming extensively to cultivate crops on the slopes of its mountains.
Therefore, the correct answer is (d) Uttarakhand.
In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Jharkhand
Black soil, also known as regur soil, is predominantly found in the Deccan Trap region which includes parts of Maharashtra as well as Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It is especially suitable for growing cotton and is thus also referred to as black cotton soil.
Therefore, the correct answer is: (b) Maharashtra
Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is commonly found in the following three Indian states:
- Maharashtra
- Madhya Pradesh
- Gujarat
The main crop grown in black soil is cotton, and hence, it is also referred to as black cotton soil.
What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
The type of soil found in the river deltas of the eastern coast, particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri rivers, is Alluvial Soil.
Main Features of Alluvial Soil:
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Texture: Alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay. The soil particles tend to be finer in the lower part of the valleys and coarser in the upper parts near the river sources.
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Fertility: Alluvial soils are highly fertile and contain adequate proportions of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. This richness in nutrients makes them highly suitable for agriculture, supporting a variety of crops like sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and other cereal and pulse crops.
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Depositional Features: These soils are primarily depositional soils, brought and laid down by the rivers. They support intensive cultivation and are densely populated due to their high fertility.
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
To control soil erosion in hilly areas, several effective methods can be implemented:
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Afforestation: Planting trees helps stabilize the soil through the tree roots and also breaks the force of falling rain.
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Terrace Farming: Constructing terraces along the slopes breaks the slope into smaller, flatter segments. This reduces the speed of water runoff and allows more water to percolate through the soil.
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Contour Ploughing: This involves ploughing along the contour lines of a slope. It helps slow down water runoff and captures rainwater, allowing more time for it to infiltrate into the soil.
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Construction of Check Dams: Small barriers made of stone or other materials can be built along small hill streams to slow down the flow of water, reducing soil erosion and allowing water to percolate into the ground.
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Planting of Shelter Belts: Lines of trees and shrubs are planted perpendicular to the wind direction to protect soil from wind erosion.
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Proper Management of Grazing: Regulating grazing prevents overgrazing, which depletes ground cover, making the soil more susceptible to erosion.
By employing these strategies, soil conservation can be significantly improved in hilly regions, making the land more sustainable for agriculture and preserving the natural environment.
(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
(ii) How have technological and economic developments led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
(i) Land Use Pattern in India:
- The land use pattern in India is determined by both physical factors (such as topography, climate, soil types) and human factors (such as population density, technological capability, culture and traditions).
- Major categories of land use in India include the net sown area, forests, fallow lands, land not available for cultivation (barren and waste land, land put to non-agricultural uses), and other uncultivated lands excluding fallow lands.
Reasons for Limited Increase in Forest Area Since 1960-61:
- Failure to expand forest areas might be attributed to increased agricultural activities to feed a growing population, alongside urbanization and industrialization which have reduced forest lands.
- Additionally, existing policies and their implementation may not have been effective enough in conserving and expanding forests.
(ii) Impact of Technological and Economic Developments on Resource Consumption:
- Technological advancements have provided new tools and methods that allow deeper, more efficient extraction and processing of natural resources, leading to increased consumption.
- Economic development has increased demand for resources by boosting manufacturing, infrastructure, and consumption patterns, thereby accelerating the depletion and degradation of resources.
- The growth in global trade and consumption driven by economic expansion also strains natural resources further.
Both of these factors enhance human capability and desire to utilize resources more intensively without often considering the environmental costs, leading to an unsustainable increase in resource consumption.
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What are the direct effects of exploiting natural resources?
A) Deforestation
B) Pollution
C) Economic Slowdown
D) Global Warming
The direct effects of exploiting natural resources include:
A) Deforestation
B) Pollution
D) Global Warming
Exploitation of natural resources leads to a variety of environmental impacts such as deforestation, substantial pollution, land degradation, and contributions to global warming. Although economic slowdown may occur, it is generally considered an indirect consequence of resource exploitation.
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