Forest and Wildlife Resources - Class 10 Geography - Chapter 2 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Notes - Forest and Wildlife Resources | Class 10 Contemporary India - II | Social Science
Introduction
What are Forest and Wildlife Resources?
Forest and wildlife resources encompass all the flora and fauna that inhabit forests, as well as the forested land itself. These resources are vital for maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life.
Role of Forests in the Ecological System
Forests play a crucial role in the ecological system as primary producers. They provide oxygen through photosynthesis, protect watersheds, and support countless species of plants and animals. Wildlife depends on forests for their habitat and food.
Significance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat. It is essential for ecosystem health and stability, offering genetic diversity crucial for species adaptation and survival.
India’s Rich Biodiversity
Overview of Indian Flora and Fauna
India is renowned for its rich biological diversity, hosting a vast array of flora and fauna. India's unique geographical features allow it to support various ecosystems, from rainforests to deserts.
Conservation Efforts
Why Conservation is Critical
Conservation is essential to preserve the planet's ecological diversity and life support systems, including air, water, and soil. It also ensures the genetic diversity of plants and animals, which is crucial for their growth and breeding.
The Role of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and Wider Legislation
The Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, a pivotal piece of legislation, provides legal protection to numerous species of plants and animals. It restricts hunting, protects habitats, and regulates wildlife trade.
Wildlife Conservation Projects
Details of Project Tiger: History, Impact, and Goals
Launched in 1973, Project Tiger aims to save the Bengal tiger from extinction. It focuses on habitat preservation, curbing poaching, and fostering community awareness.
Other Major Projects: Project Elephant, Crocodile Conservation Programs
Other significant conservation projects include Project Elephant and initiatives to conserve various species of crocodiles. These projects have helped increase population numbers and ensure species survival.
Types and Distribution of Forests
Reserved Forests: Definition and Importance
Reserved forests constitute more than half of India’s total forest land. They are strictly protected for conservation purposes and produce timber and other forest goods.
Protected Forests: Extent and Protection Measures
Protected forests cover nearly one-third of India's forest area. These areas are shielded from further depletion to preserve their ecological value.
Unclassed Forests: Characteristics and Management
Unclassed forests, often managed by local communities, include miscellaneous lands and wastelands held by the state or private individuals. They play a significant role in local livelihoods.
Community and Conservation
Role of Local Communities in Conservation
Local communities have always played a vital role in forest conservation. Their involvement is crucial for sustainable management and restoration of degraded forests.
Traditional Conservation Methods: The Sacred Groves and Chipko Movement
Sacred groves are patches of forest left untouched by local people due to their religious significance. The Chipko movement, where villagers hugged trees to prevent deforestation, is a historic example of community-driven conservation.
Joint Forest Management Programs: Concept and Impact
Joint Forest Management (JFM) programs, initiated in 1988, involve local communities in the protective activities of forests. These programs provide intermediary benefits to communities while ensuring forest conservation.
Current Challenges in Conservation
Threats to Wildlife and Forest Resources
Threats include habitat destruction, climate change, poaching, pollution, and human-wildlife conflict. These issues endanger many species and deplete forest resources.
Impact of Human Activities and Climate Change
Urbanization, deforestation, and industrial activities significantly impact ecosystems. Climate change exacerbates these problems, altering habitats and threatening species survival.
Educational and Community-Based Solutions
Raising awareness through education and involving communities in conservation practices are vital steps for sustainable management. Community-centric solutions ensure long-term success and resilience.
Conclusion
Summarizing Key Points on Conservation
Conservation is essential for maintaining ecological balance and supporting human life. India’s rich biodiversity and forest resources require protection through legislative measures, community involvement, and sustainable management practices.
How Students Can Contribute
Students can participate in conservation activities, spread awareness, and adopt eco-friendly practices to contribute to the preservation of forest and wildlife resources.
In conclusion, preserving our forest and wildlife resources is a shared responsibility that involves legislative action, community participation, and education. By understanding the importance of these resources, we can work together to ensure a sustainable and thriving environment.
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Extra Questions - Forest and Wildlife Resources | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
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Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
The conservation strategy that does not directly involve community participation among the options given is:
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
This activity typically involves governmental action more than community participation, focusing on legal and administrative measures to create protected areas for wildlife.
Match the following.
Reserved forests | Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. |
---|---|
Protected forests | Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources. |
Unclassed forests | Forest lands are protected from any further depletion. |
Match the following:
Reserved forests - Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.
Protected forests - Forest lands are protected from any further depletion.
Unclassed forests - Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Biodiversity, or Biological Diversity, refers to the immense variety and richness of life that exists on Earth, encompassing all living beings including micro-organisms, plants, animals, and their ecosystems. It is diverse in form and function but closely integrated through multiple networks of interdependencies.
Biodiversity is critical for human lives for several reasons:
Ecological Stability: Biodiversity supports ecosystem functions and balances, including air and water purification, soil fertility, and climate regulation.
Resource for Medicinal and Genetic Materials: Provides a vast resource from which medicinal preparations and genetic material are derived, helping in improving crop resilience and offering medical discoveries.
Supports Livelihoods: Millions depend directly on biodiversity for their livelihoods, such as through agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
Cultural Value: Many cultures value biodiversity from a spiritual and recreational perspective, influencing norms and traditions.
Adaptation and Survival: Biodiversity enables resilience to changing conditions and shocks, allowing ecosystems and the humans within them to adapt and survive.
Thus, maintaining healthy biodiversity is essential not just for the environment, but for human survival and quality of life.
How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and industrialization significantly contribute to the depletion of flora and fauna. Deforestation for agriculture, logging, and construction reduces habitats, leaving wildlife without homes and food sources. Urbanization leads to the fragmentation of ecosystems, which disrupts the natural living conditions of various species, causing declines in their populations. Industrial activities release pollutants into the air and water, degrading the quality of natural habitats. The overuse of pesticides and chemicals in agriculture contaminates soil and water, further threatening plant and animal life. Additionally, illegal wildlife trade and hunting exacerbate the loss of biodiversity, pushing numerous species towards extinction.
Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
In India, community-driven conservation efforts have been pivotal in preserving forests and wildlife. Sacred Groves, protected patches of forest worshiped and left undisturbed by local communities, exemplify traditional conservation methods that respect nature's sanctity. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) program collaborates with village institutions to protect and manage degraded forest land, rewarding communities with non-timber forest produces and a share in the timber harvested. Initiatives like the Chipko Movement have shown robust community resistance against deforestation. Local settlements, such as those in Rajasthan, protect wildlife as an integral part of their community, illustrating a successful co-existence and collective enforcement of conservation principles. These methods highlight the crucial role of community engagement in sustainable environmental management.
Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife
Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts ensures sustainable forest management and wildlife protection. Initiatives like Joint Forest Management (JFM) have shown success by involving villagers in the safeguarding and rehabilitation of degraded forests.
Legal Protection: Enforcing laws strictly like the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 helps in preserving endangered species and habitats.
Protected Areas: Establishing more national parks, wildlife sanctaries, and reserves plays a pivotal role in conserving biological diversity.
Education and Awareness: Increased awareness through education can lead to broader community support for conservation projects. Awareness campaigns help in reducing poaching and illegal trading of wildlife products.
Economic Incentives: Providing economically viable alternatives to local communities to reduce dependency on forest resources for their livelihood.
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Consider the following statements: i) This tiger reserve was selected in the conservation of threatened species category for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Program. ii) This tiger reserve lies in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya in the East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh.
To which of the following tiger reserve do the above statements relate?
A) a) Pakke Tiger Reserve
B) b) Sunabeda Tiger Reserve
C) c) Guru Ghasida
D) d) Kudremukh Tiger Reserve
The correct answer is A) Pakke Tiger Reserve.
Explanation:
Pakke Tiger Reserve is located in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh and is well-recognized for its conservation efforts, particularly the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program. This initiative was highlighted when the reserve was awarded the 'India Biodiversity Award 2016' specifically in the conservation of threatened species category. The reserve's role in conservation and its geographical location in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya align perfectly with the statements given in the question.
With reference to the Montreux Record, consider the following statements:
The Montreux Record under the Convention is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance.
Presently, there are four Ramsar sites in India under this record.
Select the correct code:
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both 1 and 2
D) None of the above
The correct option is A) Only 1.
Statement 1: True
The Montreux Record under the Ramsar Convention is indeed a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International Importance. It highlights sites where changes in ecological character are occurring, have occurred, or are likely due to technological advances, pollution, or human interference. It was established during the Conference of the Contracting Parties in 1990 and is used to prioritize sites for conservation attention.
Statement 2: False
There are not four, but currently two Ramsar sites in India under the Montreux Record, namely Loktak Lake in Manipur and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan. Thus, only the first statement is accurate.
The part of the tree that is used for various construction purposes is called:
A Bark
B Wood
C Resin
D Sap
The correct answer is B) Wood.
Wood is the part of the tree that is commonly used in various construction activities. Examples of trees that provide wood suitable for construction include Teak, Jackfruit tree, and Mango tree.
Which of the following trees are found in abundance in the Ganga Brahmaputra delta?
A. Sundari
B. Sal
C. Coniferous
D. Teak
The correct answer is A. Sundari.
The Sundari tree is a typical species found abundantly in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region, contributing to the unique ecosystem of the mangrove forests, also known as the Sundarbans.
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