Agriculture - Class 10 Geography - Chapter 4 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Agriculture | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
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Assertion: Ecological pyramids are also called Eltonian pyramids. Reason: An ecological pyramid is always upright.
(A) Both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion. (B) Both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. (C) The assertion is true, but the reason is false. (D) Both the assertion and the reason are false.
The correct answer is: D) Both the assertion and the reason are false.
Explanation:
Assertion: Ecological pyramids are also called Eltonian pyramids. This statement is true because ecological pyramids, which illustrate energy flows or other trophic levels in ecosystems, were indeed developed by Charles Elton.
Reason: An ecological pyramid is always upright. This statement is false. Ecological pyramids represent energy flow, biomass, or numbers in ecosystems and can vary in shape. They can be upright (typical for energy and biomass in terrestrial ecosystems), inverted (in certain aquatic ecosystems), or even spindle-shaped, depending on ecological conditions.
Thus, while the assertion is true, the reason provided does not accurately depict the diverse nature of ecological pyramids. Therefore, the reason is a false representation and cannot correctly explain the assertion.
Which of the following grows best in black soil and a warm climate?
A) Jute
B) Cotton
C) Flax
D) Coconut
The correct answer is Option B: Cotton.
Cotton is best suited for growth in black soil, which is known for its sticky texture and capacity to retain water. This crop thrives in warm, moist, and humid climatic conditions, making it the ideal choice given the options provided.
The Chola rulers _________ the development of agriculture.
A. took an active interest in
B. did not care for
C. did not prevent
D. did not encourage
The correct answer is A. took an active interest in.
Agriculture experienced significant growth after the sixth century in various regions of Tamil Nadu. To aid in this development, embankments were constructed to mitigate flooding and canals were built to direct water to farmlands, facilitating the cultivation of two crops in many areas. Such advancements required considerable effort and investment, demonstrating that both the kings and the populace were highly engaged in promoting agricultural development.
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Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Agriculture | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
(a) Shifting Agriculture
(b) Plantation Agriculture
(c) Horticulture
(d) Intensive Agriculture
The system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area is described as:
(b) Plantation Agriculture
Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice
(b) Gram
(c) Millets
(d) Cotton
The correct answer is:
(b) Gram
Gram is a rabi crop that is sown in winter (from October to December) and harvested in the summer (from April to June).
Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses
(b) Jawar
(c) Millets
(d) Sesamum
The correct answer is (a) Pulasses. These are leguminous crops that help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
Tea is an important beverage crop in India.
Geographical Conditions Required for Its Growth:
Climate: Warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year are beneficial.
Temperature: Ideal temperature ranges between 20°C and 30°C.
Soil: Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm annually.
Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Rice is a staple crop of India. It is primarily produced in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas, and deltaic regions. Major rice-producing states include Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Additionally, rice is increasingly produced in Punjab and Haryana, due to the expansion of irrigation networks.
Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the Indian government to benefit farmers include:
Land reforms: Initially focused on during the First Five Year Plan, aimed at redistribution of land to achieve equity and justice in rural areas.
Green Revolution: Introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, it focused on high yielding variety seeds and modern technology to increase crop output.
White Revolution (Operation Flood): Aimed to revolutionize dairy farming in India and significantly increase milk production.
Provision for crop insurance: Against natural calamities like drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies, and banks: These institutions provide loans to farmers at lower interest rates.
Kissan Credit Card (KCC): Facilitates farmers in obtaining timely and adequate credit.
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS): Provides insurance coverage to farmers.
Minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices: Announced by the government to ensure that farmers are not exploited by middlemen and get fair prices for their crops.
These reforms and programmes are designed to support the agricultural sector, improve productivity, ensure financial security, and enhance the overall well-being of farmers in India.
(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(ii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice
(i) Initiative Taken by Government to Increase Agricultural Production:The government has implemented several initiatives to boost agricultural production, including the Green Revolution and Operation Flood. Additionally, the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques are significant measures. Technological and institutional reforms like Kissan Credit Cards (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS), and setting up of cooperative societies also contribute to enhanced production and farmers' welfare.
(ii) Geographical Conditions Required for the Growth of Rice:
Temperature: Rice requires a high temperature, above 25°C.
Humidity: High humidity is crucial for rice cultivation.
Rainfall: Rice needs heavy rainfall, above 100 cm annually. In areas with lesser rainfall, irrigation is essential.
Soil Type: Rice grows best in alluvial soils that retain water. It is commonly cultivated in floodplains and deltaic regions.
Season: It is typically grown during the kharif season with the onset of the monsoon.
These conditions are vital for the optimum growth and yield of rice, making it a major crop in many regions across India.
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Introduction
Agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy, supporting two-thirds of the population and providing essential food and raw materials. The diverse climatic conditions and rich cultural heritage have influenced various agricultural practices across the country. This article delves into the types of farming, cropping patterns, major crops, and the technological and institutional reforms that have shaped Indian agriculture, aimed at providing comprehensive notes for Class 10 students.
Types of Farming
Primitive Subsistence Farming
Primitive Subsistence Farming is an age-old practice still observed in small pockets of India. It relies on simple tools such as hoes, daos, and digging sticks, and often involves family or community labor. This type of farming is heavily dependent on natural elements like the monsoon, soil fertility, and suitable environmental conditions. Known as 'slash and burn' agriculture, farmers clear a patch of land, grow crops, and move on to a new plot when productivity declines. It is called 'jhumming' in the North-Eastern states, 'bewar' in Madhya Pradesh, and 'podu' in Andhra Pradesh.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practised in areas with high population pressure on land. It involves labour-intensive methods, using high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation to achieve higher yields. States like West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar are known for practising Intensive Subsistence Farming. Despite small landholdings due to inheritance laws, farmers strive to maximize production.
Commercial Farming
Plantation Farming
Plantation farming is a form of commercial agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large scale. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, and banana are some of the major crops cultivated through this method. It combines elements of agriculture and industry, involving large tracts of land, capital-intensive inputs, and often migrant labour. A robust network of transport and communication is crucial for the success of plantations.
Cropping Patterns in India
Rabi Season
Rabi crops are sown in winter (October to December) and harvested in summer (April to June). Some important Rabi crops include wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard. Northern and north-western states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh are significant producers due to favorable weather conditions and the success of the Green Revolution.
Kharif Season
Kharif crops are planted with the arrival of the monsoon and harvested around September-October. These crops, such as rice, maize, jowar, bajra, and groundnut, require warm, wet conditions. States like Assam, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh are major Kharif crop producers.
Zaid Season
The Zaid season falls between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, spanning the summer months. Crops grown during this period include watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, and fodder crops.
Major Crops of India
Food Crops
Rice: A Kharif crop, rice requires high temperatures and humidity. Major rice-growing states include Assam, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu.
Wheat: A staple Rabi crop, wheat is grown in states like Punjab and Haryana.
Non-Food Crops
Cotton: A vital raw material for the textile industry, cotton thrives in the black soil of the Deccan plateau. Major producers include Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Tea: Cultivated mainly in Assam, West Bengal, and Kerala, tea requires a tropical climate and is labor-intensive.
Jute: Known as the 'golden fiber,' jute is essential for producing items like gunny bags and ropes. West Bengal and Bihar are leading producers.
Technological and Institutional Reforms
Green and White Revolution
The Green Revolution introduced HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques, significantly boosting production. The White Revolution led to increased milk production and transformed dairy farming through Operation Flood.
Government Schemes
Several schemes have been introduced to support farmers. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) provides easy credit, while crop insurance schemes protect against natural calamities. The establishment of Grameen Banks and cooperative societies also offers financial aid at lower interest rates.
Case Study
Vinoba Bhave and the Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement
Vinoba Bhave, a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, initiated the Bhoodan-Gramdan movement, encouraging landowners to donate land to the landless. This movement played a crucial role in equitable land distribution and is remembered as a 'bloodless revolution.'
Conclusion
Agriculture remains vital to India's economy, providing sustenance and employment to millions. Understanding the diverse farming practices, the cropping patterns, and the major crops, along with the technological and institutional reforms, offers a comprehensive view of this sector. With continued advancements and reforms, Indian agriculture is poised for a promising future.
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