Manufacturing Industries - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 6 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Manufacturing Industries | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
Identify the problems faced by the sugar industries in India.
A. The industries have very low capacity for production.
B. There is growing politicisation in the process of fixing the price of sugarcane.
C. Sugarcane farmers are unable to unionise, which puts them at a disadvantage.
D. The industries have to make do with outdated machinery.
The correct options are:
A: The industries have very low capacity for production.
B: There is growing politicisation in the process of fixing the price of sugarcane.
D: The industries have to make do with outdated machinery.
Similar to other industries in India, the sugar industries are encountering significant developmental challenges. Issues such as outdated industrial machinery, low production capacity, and politicisation in the price-fixing process of sugarcane have created substantial barriers. Additionally, factors like untimely payment to farmers and pressure from Kissan Unions further contribute to the industry's difficulties, significantly hindering its growth.
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Sort the following in ascending order of processes undertaken while printing in Europe during the Middle Ages:
A. Preparation of Text
B. Carving text
C. Inking
D. Stamping
E. Selling the copies
During the Middle Ages, printing was a meticulous process done one page or block at a time. The sequence of processes involved in printing during this era were as follows:
Preparation of Text: This initial step involved the careful planning and preparation of text to be printed.
Carving Text: Once the text was prepared, it had to be meticulously carved onto a printing block. This required a skilled and literate person, as creating these blocks was both time-consuming and expensive.
Inking: After carving, the next step was to apply ink to the prepared block.
Stamping: With the inked block ready, the text was then stamped onto paper.
Selling the Copies: Finally, the printed materials were made available for sale.
These steps underscore the complexity and craftsmanship required in medieval printing.
Which of the following are examples of what agro-based industries deal with?
A. Glass making
B. Poultry
C. Rice mills
D. Steel
The correct answers are B. Poultry and C. Rice mills.
Agro-based industries are those that derive their raw materials from agricultural products. Industries such as those dealing with poultry and rice mills fall under this category because they rely primarily on products produced in agricultural activities.
Which of the industries have made notable developments till the present day in India?
A) Petroleum and its products
B) Iron and Steel
C) Chemical
D) Sugar
The correct options are:
B) Iron and Steel
C) Chemical
D) Sugar
India has made significant progress in several industries, notably in the iron and steel, chemical, and sugar sectors. Additionally, there have been marked developments in the fields of electronics and energy.
What are the incentives given by the government to the industries set up in rural, backward, and remote areas?
The government provides various incentives to support industries established in rural, backward, and remote areas. These incentives aim to promote balanced economic development and include:
Land: State governments offer developed plots for industrial purposes under different terms. Some states waive the rent during initial years, while others allow payment in installments.
Power: Industries in these areas might receive electricity at a 50% concessional rate. In some cases, they are exempt from electricity charges in the initial years.
Water: Water is generally provided either at cost (no-profit, no-loss basis), a 50% concession, or even free of charge for the first five years.
Sales Tax: Industries in union territories benefit from an exemption on sales tax. Some states offer this exemption for up to five years.
Octroi: Many states have abolished octroi charges to ease the financial burden on businesses in backward areas.
Raw Materials: Industries in these locations receive preferential access to scarce raw materials such as cement, iron, and steel.
Finance: A subsidy of 10-15% is available for building capital assets, and loans are provided at concessional rates to encourage investment.
Industrial Estates: There are initiatives to support the establishment of industrial estates specifically in backward areas.
Tax Holiday: Businesses in selected backward, hilly, and tribal areas may be eligible for an exemption from paying taxes for a period of 5 to 10 years, facilitating their initial development and growth.
These incentives collectively aim to attract industrial activity to less developed areas, contributing to economic diversification and employment opportunities.
Jute industries were located in:
A. Gujarat
B. Maharashtra
C. Bengal
D. Rajasthan
The correct answer is C. Bengal.
Bengal has been historically significant for the jute textile industry. This industry, primarily located in the eastern part of India, especially in Bengal, is known for its large-scale production and processing of jute products.
Which sector or industry is considered to be the economic backbone of the country?
A) Petroleum
B) Logistics
C) Manufacturing
D) Aviation
The correct answer is C) Manufacturing.
Manufacturing is often considered the economic backbone of a country because it significantly contributes to the national GDP, creates jobs, and boosts other sectors directly and indirectly.
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) represented the interests of workers from which industry?
Textile
Railways
Agriculture
Fishing
The accurate answer is B. Railways.
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Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium Smelting
(b) Cement
(c) Paper
(d) Steel
The industry that uses bauxite as a raw material is: (a) Aluminium Smelting
Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel
(b) Electronic
(c) Aluminium Smelting
(d) Information Technology
The industry that manufactures telephones, computers, etc., is the Electronic industry.
Hence, the correct answer is: (b) Electronic
What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing refers to the production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. This involves various industries that transform raw materials like wood, sugarcane, iron ore, and bauxite into finished products such as paper, sugar, iron and steel, and aluminum, respectively. Manufacturing is a vital component of the secondary sector and significantly contributes to the economic strength of a country.
What are basic industries? Give an example.
Basic industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel, and aluminum smelting industries are considered basic industries because they provide essential materials for building infrastructure, machinery, and other industrial products.
(i) How do industries pollute the environment?
(ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
(i) Industries are responsible for various types of pollution, which significantly impacts the environment:
Air Pollution: Caused by the discharge of harmful gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, as well as particulates from burning fossil fuels, factories, refineries, and chemical plants.
Water Pollution: Occurs due to the discharge of organic and inorganic wastes and effluents into water bodies, which include chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants from industries like paper, chemical, textile, and tanneries.
Land Pollution: Industrial waste including chemicals, heavy metals, and non-biodegradable products like plastic and glass pollute the soil.
Noise Pollution: Generated from industrial and construction activities, machinery, and factory equipment, which can cause hearing loss and stress.
(ii) Steps to minimise environmental degradation by industry
Efficient Waste Management: Industries should adopt measures such as treating effluents before release, recycling and reusing waste, and minimizing waste production.
Advanced Technology: Employ cutting-edge technology for pollution control, such as electrostatic precipitators for air pollution and advanced waste water treatment technologies.
Regulatory Compliance: Strict adherence to environmental regulations and standards set by governments or international bodies.
Rainwater Harvesting and Water Recycling: Implement systems to reduce water consumption and ensure the efficient use of water resources.
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Introduction to Manufacturing Industries
Understanding Manufacturing Industries
Definition
Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into more valuable finished products in large quantities using machinery and labour. Manufacturing industries refer to entities engaged in this transformation of goods.
Types of Manufacturing Industries
Agro-Based Industries: Industries that use agricultural products as raw materials.
Mineral-Based Industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials.
Textile Industries: Focus on fabric production using yarn and other materials.
Importance of Manufacturing Industries
Economic Contributions of Manufacturing
Modernizing Agriculture
Manufacturing industries support agriculture by producing tools, fertilizers, and equipment, thus increasing agricultural productivity.
Reducing Unemployment and Poverty
By creating jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors, manufacturing reduces reliance on agricultural income and helps mitigate poverty and unemployment.
Export and Foreign Exchange
Manufactured goods are key export items for many countries, thus boosting trade and earning essential foreign exchange.
Classification of Manufacturing Industries
Basis of Source of Raw Materials
Agro-Based Industries
Examples include cotton, woollen, jute, silk textiles, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, and edible oil industries.
Mineral-Based Industries
Examples include iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, and petrochemical industries.
Basis of Ownership
Public Sector Industries
Owned and operated by government agencies, such as BHEL and SAIL.
Private Sector Industries
Owned and operated by individuals or groups of individuals, such as TISCO and Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Joint Sector Industries
Jointly run by the state and individuals, an example being Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
Cooperative Sector Industries
Owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both, sharing profits or losses proportionately, such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra.
Basis of Capital Investment
Small Scale Industries
Defined by a maximum investment limit, currently set at one crore rupees.
Large Scale Industries
Industries with investment exceeding the limit set for small-scale industries.
Basis of Bulk and Weight
Heavy Industries
Use heavy raw materials and produce heavy goods, e.g. iron and steel industries.
Light Industries
Use light raw materials and produce light goods, e.g. electronics and electric goods industries.
Major Manufacturing Industries in India
Textile Industry
Cotton Textiles
Historically significant, cotton textiles are produced via hand spinning, handloom weaving, and power looms.
Jute Textiles
India is a leading producer of raw jute, with most mills located in West Bengal.
Sugar Industry
Second largest global producer of sugar, with major mills in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Iron and Steel Industry
Crucial as it provides machinery to other industries, located mainly in the Chhotanagpur plateau region.
Aluminium Smelting
Second most important metallurgical industry, with plants in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, and other states.
Chemical Industries
Inorganic Chemicals
Include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda.
Organic Chemicals
Include petrochemicals used for synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.
Environmental Impact of Manufacturing Industries
Types of Pollution Caused by Industries
Air Pollution
Caused by undesirable gases and particulate matter from factories and power plants.
Water Pollution
Caused by industrial wastes discharged into water bodies, affecting aquatic life and human health.
Land Pollution
Dumping of solid industrial waste renders the soil unproductive.
Noise Pollution
Industrial noise causes irritation, stress, and other physiological issues.
Measures to Control Environmental Degradation
Minimizing Water Usage
Reusing and recycling water in multiple stages.
Recycling and Reusing Resources
Implementing processes that treat industrial effluents before release.
Proper Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments involve mechanical, biological, and chemical processes, respectively.
Sustainable Development Initiatives
Fitting smoke stacks, using noise-absorbing materials, and ensuring energy-efficient machinery.
Conclusion
Manufacturing industries are pivotal to economic growth, creating jobs, and modernizing agriculture. However, the environmental impacts must be mitigated through sustainable practices. India's future prosperity hinges on the expansion and diversification of its manufacturing sector.
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