Mineral and Energy Resources - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 5 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Mineral and Energy Resources | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
Which of the following minerals is the hardest?
A) Corundum
B) Halite
C) Calcite
D) Tourmaline
The correct answer is A) Corundum.
Corundum is recognized as the second hardest mineral on Earth, surpassed only by diamond. Its hardness allows it to be influential in applications that require durable abrasive and cutting materials.
Pick out the secondary economic activity from the given options.
A) Transport
B) Steel processing
C) Crop cultivation
D) Mineral mining
The correct option is B) Steel processing.
Steel processing classifies as a secondary economic activity because it involves the manufacturing and processing of raw materials (in this case, iron) into a finished or semi-finished product, such as steel.
"What social initiatives must be taken for the sensitive use of energy?"
Creating awareness is critical in guiding people to use energy resources sensitively. Encouraging responsible behavior helps in reducing electricity consumption.
Public awareness can be significantly boosted through the use of mass media, and by involving children in various campaigns and eco-club activities.
Community involvement plays a crucial role in discouraging the misuse of electricity and promoting energy conservation.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can also be instrumental in raising social consciousness about the prudent and sensitive use of resources.
Which of the following mineral mines are found in Antarctica?
A) Gold
B) Copper
C) Lead
D) Coal
The minerals found in mines in Antarctica include:
A) Gold
B) Copper
C) Lead
D) Coal
Thus, all the options (A, B, C, and D) are correct as gold, copper, lead, and coal can all be found in Antarctica.
Which is the principal ore of $\mathrm{Al}$?
A) Bauxite
B) Enargite
C) Bornite
D) Covellite
The correct answer is Option A: Bauxite
Bauxite is primarily composed of hydrated aluminum oxides and is the principal ore of aluminum. The other options include minerals containing different metals:
Enargite, represented by the formula $ \mathrm{Cu}_3\mathrm{AsS}_4 $, contains copper, arsenic, and sulfur.
Bornite, with the formula $ \mathrm{Cu}_5\mathrm{FeS}_4 $, consists of copper, iron, and sulfur.
Covellite, denoted by $ \mathrm{CuS} $, is predominantly a copper ore, though much rarer compared to others mentioned.
As such, only bauxite serves as the main source for aluminum extraction.
State whether the following statement is True or False: Mining causes environmental pollution because of the large amount of slag that is discarded for every tonne of the metal extracted.
A. True
B. False
The correct answer is A. True.
Mining involves the process of extracting metals, which leads to significant ecological damage. One of the primary environmental concerns associated with mining is the production of slag, which is a waste byproduct. A considerable amount of slag is discarded for each tonne of metal extracted, contributing to environmental pollution. This process illustrates how mining impacts the surrounding ecosystems and highlights the importance of managing mining waste to mitigate these effects.
ANDREX project, recently seen in the news, is related to which of the following?
एन्ड्रेक्स (ANDREX) परियोजना हाल ही में समाचार में रही है, यह निम्नलिखित में से किससे संबंधित है?
Carbon sequestration in the ocean महासागर में कार्बन संचय से
Deep-sea mining गहरे समुद्र खनन से
A moon mission चंद्र मिशन से
None of the above उपरोक्त में कोई नहीं
The correct option is A: Carbon sequestration in the ocean.
Explanation: The ANDREX (Antarctic Deep water Rates of Export) project aims to explore the Weddell Gyre's influence on various oceanic processes, including the meridional overturning circulation which affects global climate. A crucial aspect of this project is to understand how carbon sequestration occurs in the ocean, especially the role of biological processes far from land that influence how carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere. This initiative is significant as it challenges previous perceptions regarding the Southern Ocean's impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and global climate changes. The project is a collaborative effort involving scientists from four institutions in the UK and one in the US, and is supported by the UK's Antarctic Funding Initiative (AFI).
Choose the correct statement(s) about kinetic and thermal energy:
A. Substance-based resources generate thermal and kinetic energy.
B. Substance-based resources generate thermal and atomic energy.
C. Process-based resources generate thermal and kinetic energy.
D. Thermal and kinetic energy is used to generate electricity.
The correct statements regarding kinetic and thermal energy are:
B: Substance-based resources generate thermal and atomic energy.
C: Process-based resources generate thermal and kinetic energy.
D: Thermal and kinetic energy is used to generate electricity.
Explanation:
Substance-based resources: These typically include elements or compounds like uranium, which when subjected to nuclear reactions generate thermal and atomic energy.
Process-based resources: Processes such as geothermal activity, hydroelectric, or wind power harness natural processes to generate thermal and kinetic energy.
Application of thermal and kinetic energy: These forms of energy are crucial for the generation of electricity. Thermal energy, often produced from the burning of fuels or nuclear reactions, and kinetic energy, like that from moving water or wind, are utilized in power plants to generate electricity.
Thermal energy deriving directly from the burning of resources and heat from the Earth’s interior exemplify how different energy sources and processes contribute uniquely to energy production.
Chasnala mining disaster took place in:
A) 1957
B) 1975
C) 1950
D) 1970
The correct answer to the question "Chasnala mining disaster took place in:" is Option B: 1975.
The Chasnala mining disaster occurred in December 1975 in a coal mine located in Chasnala near Dhanbad, India. Official reports state that this tragedy resulted in the deaths of 372 miners.
Name the principal ore of aluminium. Explain the significance of leaching in the extraction of aluminium.
Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminium.
The process of leaching plays a crucial role in removing impurities from bauxite. These impurities include silica ($\mathrm{SiO}_2$), iron oxide ($\mathrm{Fe}_2\mathrm{O}_3$), and titanium dioxide ($\mathrm{TiO}_2$). During leaching, powdered bauxite ore is treated with concentrated $\mathrm{NaOH}$ solution (about 45%) at temperatures between $473-523$ K. This treatment results in the dissolution of $\mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3$ forming sodium meta-aluminate while silica forms sodium silicate, leaving behind impurities like $\mathrm{Fe}_2\mathrm{O}_3$ and $\mathrm{TiO}_2$, which are removed through filtration.
The relevant chemical reactions are:
For alumina: $$ \mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3(\mathrm{s}) + 2\mathrm{NaOH}(\mathrm{aq}) + 3\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) \xrightarrow{473-523 \mathrm{K}} 2\mathrm{Na}[\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_4] \text{ (aq)} $$
For silica: $$ \mathrm{SiO}_2(\mathrm{s}) + 2\mathrm{NaOH}(\mathrm{aq}) \xrightarrow{473-523 \mathrm{K}} \mathrm{Na}_2\mathrm{SiO}_3(\mathrm{aq}) + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) $$
Post-leaching, the filtrate containing sodium meta-aluminate is neutralized using $\mathrm{CO}_2$, which causes hydrated alumina to precipitate while sodium silicate remains in solution. The hydrated alumina is then filtered, dried, and heated to high temperatures (about $1473$ K) to recover pure $\mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3$:
$$ \mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3 \cdot x\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{s}) \xrightarrow{1473 \mathrm{K}} \mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm{O}_3(\mathrm{s}) + x\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}(\mathrm{l}) $$
This process highlights the importance of leaching in efficiently removing impurities and producing high-purity alumina, crucial for aluminium production.
Which mineral helps in the clotting of blood?
A) Iron
B) Phosphorus
C) Calcium
D) Zinc
The correct answer is C) Calcium.
Minerals are vital nutrients needed in small amounts for the body's proper growth and function. Among these, Calcium plays a pivotal role in blood clotting processes. Additionally, it is essential for building strong bones and maintaining bone health. Calcium's contribution to blood clotting is specifically critical in stopping bleeding by helping blood cells and platelets bind together at the site of an injury. Hence, for the clotting of blood, calcium is indispensable.
Which of the following are uses of the oceans?
A) Extraction of minerals
B) Source of medicines
C) Generation of electricity
D) Source of solar radiation
The correct answers are:
A) Extraction of minerals
B) Source of medicines
C) Generation of electricity
Oceans are invaluable for multiple purposes including the extraction of minerals, food, and generation of electricity. Marine organisms serve as vital resources for developing many pharmaceutical products. Medications such as various antibiotics, steroids, and vitamins originate from marine creatures like sponges and corals. Additionally, oceans support economic activities like coastal tourism. It's important to note that the sun is the primary source of solar energy, not the oceans, hence option D) Source of solar radiation is not correct.
Read the following statements and identify the correct option. Statement 1: Solar energy is a conventional form of energy. Statement 2: Solar energy is a renewable form of energy.
A) Only statement 1 is correct.
B) Both statements are correct.
C) Only statement 2 is correct.
D) Both statements are wrong.
The correct answer is C) Only statement 2 is correct.
Solar energy is identified as a non-conventional form of energy, predominantly because its significant harnessing by humans commenced only in recent times. Moreover, it is important to clarify that solar energy falls under the category of renewable energy sources, being an inexhaustible resource derived from the sun. Thus, Statement 1 is incorrect, while Statement 2 is accurate.
What are conventional sources of energy?
Conventional sources of energy primarily refer to non-renewable sources which have been utilized since historic times. These include resources like coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy. Since these sources have been the foundation of large-scale industrial development, their consumption has led to significant depletion of their known reserves.
Fossil fuels and metallic minerals are resources.
Fossil fuels and metallic minerals are resources that have been formed in the Earth over the course of millions of years. Despite their abundance, they are non-renewable.
Given the current rate of overuse—primarily due to industrialization, overpopulation, and increasing affluence—these resources may be exhausted soon.
Consider the following statements about the mineral deposits in India:
Bauxite mainly occurs in the Gondwana deposits of the peninsular India.
Odisha is the largest producer of bauxite with around half the production of India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
The correct answer is C: Both 1 and 2.
Bauxite is mainly associated with laterite rocks in Tertiary deposits rather than Gondwana deposits. These laterite formations are found extensively on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India, as well as in the coastal tracts of the country.
Odisha is the largest producer of bauxite in India, accounting for approximately 49% of the total production. Other significant contributors include:
Gujarat: 24%
Jharkhand: 9%
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra: 8% each
The remaining production is distributed among Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
Thus, both statements are correct, confirming Option C is the right choice.
Which of the following is generally extracted from the bauxite ore?
Option 1) Aluminium
Option 2) Copper
Option 3) Manganese
Option 4) Mica
The correct option is Option 1: Aluminium.
Bauxite is the principal ore from which aluminium is extracted.
Barium is extracted from which of the following ores?
Bauxite
Haematite
Barytes
Cinnabar
The correct option is C. Barytes
Barytes is a group of ores from which the element Barium is extracted. Barium has numerous industrial and medical applications. Additionally, Barytes is utilized in drilling deep holes for petroleum and natural gas exploration.
Which of the following minerals is not found in large amounts in Jharkhand?
Option 1) Bauxite
Option 2) Uranium
Option 3) Limestone
Option 4) Coal
The correct option is: 3. Limestone
Jharkhand is rich in a variety of minerals. Bauxite, Coal, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Uranium are found in significant quantities in this region. However, Limestone is not found in large amounts in Jharkhand.
With reference to mining, which of the following statements are incorrect:
Opencast mining is supposedly the cheapest and easiest way of mining.
Rat hole mining is practised in areas where the coal seam layer is very thin.
Shaft method of mining is used for deep-seated minerals.
Strip mining is mostly used to extract deep bedded deposits.
The correct option is D
Strip mining is mostly used to extract deep bedded deposits.
Explanation:
Option (a) is correct: Opencast mining is indeed the cheapest and easiest method of mining because it requires less capital investment.
Option (b) is correct: In areas with very thin coal seams, such as Meghalaya, Rat hole mining is practiced due to economic constraints. The cost of removing rock from hilly terrain and constructing pillars to prevent collapse outweighs other methods.
Option (c) is correct: Shaft mining involves digging a vertical or near-vertical tunnel from the surface downward. Miners then branch out within the mine. Access is usually gained through a lift or elevator. This method is used when minerals are located deep underground.
Option (d) is incorrect: Strip mining is primarily used to extract shallow, "bedded" deposits, where a mineral layer is covered by a layer of soft topsoil and weathered rocks.
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Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Mineral and Energy Resources | Contemporary India - II | Social Science | Class 10
Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) coal
(b) bauxite
(c) gold
(d) zinc
Bauxite is the mineral that is formed by the decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material. It forms through the weathering process in tropical climates, where soluble constituents such as silica are leached away, and insoluble ones like aluminum oxides are left behind. Therefore, the correct answer is:
(b) bauxite
Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
(a) bauxite
(b) mica
(c) iron ore
(d) copper
Koderma in Jharkhand is the leading producer of mica.
Correct answer: (b) mica.
Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks?
(a) sedimentary rocks
(b) metamorphic rocks
(c) igneous rocks
(d) none of the above
Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of:
(a) sedimentary rocks
This is because sedimentary rocks are formed from the deposition, accumulation, and concentration of mineral particles in horizontal strata over time.
Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) oil
(b) uranium
(c) thorium
(d) coal
The mineral contained in Monazite sand is (c) thorium. Monazite sand is rich in thorium and is noted for its potential in producing nuclear energy.
Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.
(a) ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(b) conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
(a) Ferrous minerals contain iron, like iron ore and manganese, essential for steel-making. Non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron, including copper and bauxite, crucial for various industries.
(b) Conventional sources of energy include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, traditionally used and have high environmental impact. Non-conventional sources refer to renewable resources like solar, wind, and tidal energy, more sustainable and less polluting.
What is a mineral?
Minerals are defined as homogeneous, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. They are found in varied forms in nature, from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. These substances form under specific physical and chemical conditions, resulting in their diverse characteristics such as color, hardness, crystal form, lustre, and density.
How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals are commonly formed in the cracks, crevices, faults, or joints. This formation process occurs when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth's surface. As they rise, they cool and solidify, resulting in the formation of mineral veins and lodes. This mode of occurrence allows for certain metallic minerals, like tin, copper, zinc, and lead, to be extracted from these locations.
Why do we need to conserve mineral resources ?
We need to conserve mineral resources for several critical reasons:
Finite Resources: Minerals are non-renewable and finite. Once depleted, they cannot be replaced within human timescales. The geological processes that form minerals take millions of years.
Environmental Impact: The extraction and processing of minerals have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, pollution, and degradation of ecosystems. Conserving minerals helps mitigate these impacts.
Economic Efficiency: Over-extraction leads to higher costs as minerals become harder to obtain. Conservation supports economic stability by ensuring resources last longer and extraction costs are minimized.
Sustainable Development: Effective conservation aligns with sustainable development goals, ensuring that future generations also have access to these vital resources.
Technological and Industrial Needs: Minerals are crucial for various technologies and industries. Their conservation is vital for ongoing technological advancement and industrial functionality.
Thus, conservation is essential to maintain supply, protect the environment, support economic stability, and ensure resources for future generations.
(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
(i) Distribution of Coal in India
Coal in India is distributed principally across the following areas:
Gondwana Coalfields: These are located in the eastern part of India. Major coalfields in this region include Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro, which are located in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. These coalfields are known for their rich reserves and contribute significantly to the coal production in India.
Tertiary Coalfields: These are found in the northeastern states of India, including Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland. Coal from these fields is generally of a younger age and has different characteristics compared to coal from the Gondwana fields.
(ii) Potential of Solar Energy in India
Solar energy has a particularly bright future in India due to several reasons:
Geographical Advantage: India is a tropical country with abundant sunshine available for most months of the year, providing a conducive environment for solar energy generation.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government strongly supports solar energy through various schemes and subsidies, aiming to enhance energy security and reduce carbon emissions.
Rapid Decrease in Costs: The cost of solar technology has been decreasing globally, making solar projects more viable and attractive for investment.
Environmental Concerns: With the rising awareness of environmental issues and the need to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, solar energy stands out as a clean and sustainable source.
Rural Electrification: Solar energy provides an excellent solution for electrifying remote and rural areas, reducing dependence on traditional biomass and enhancing the quality of life.
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Ask Chatterbot AINotes - Mineral and Energy Resources | Class 10 Contemporary India - II | Social Science
Understanding mineral and energy resources is crucial for a Class 10 geography curriculum. These resources shape industries, fuel economies, and impact our daily lives. In this article, we unravel the details, ensuring you are well-prepared for your exams.
Introduction to Mineral and Energy Resources
Definition of Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. They are homogenous solids and comprise different chemical compositions. Various properties such as color, hardness, and density are used by geologists to classify them.
Importance of Minerals
Minerals are indispensable for human life and industrial activities. From tiny pins to large buildings, minerals form the backbone of modern development. They are used in manufacturing, construction, transportation, and even in the food we consume.
Types of Minerals
Metallic Minerals
Examples: Iron, Copper, Bauxite
Locations in India:
Iron: Odisha-Jharkhand belt, Bailadila hills in Chhattisgarh, Karnataka
Copper: Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan
Bauxite: Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, Bilaspur-Katni regions
Non-Metallic Minerals
Examples: Mica, Limestone
Locations in India:
Mica: Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt in Jharkhand
Limestone: Most geological formations in sedimentary rocks, used in cement industry and iron smelting
Extraction of Minerals
Methods of Mining
Open-pit Mining: Removing large quantities of earth to access valuable minerals.
Underground Mining: Involves creating tunnels or shafts to reach mineral deposits located deep underground.
Refinement and Processing
Minerals undergo various refining processes to extract the desired metal from the ore. The economic viability of a mining operation depends on factors like the concentration of mineral in the ore, the ease of extraction, and proximity to markets.
Energy Resources
Conventional Sources
Coal: Formed from plant material over millions of years. Major coalfields include Jharia, Raniganj, and Bokaro.
Petroleum: Provides fuel, lubricants, and raw materials for various industries. Major fields are located in Mumbai High, Gujarat, and Assam.
Natural Gas: Found with petroleum, used for domestic and industrial fuel, and for generating electricity. Major reserves are in Mumbai High and the Krishna-Godavari basin.
Hydroelectric Power: Generates electricity using the flow of water. Major multipurpose projects like Bhakra Nangal and Damodar Valley Corporation produce hydroelectric power.
Non-Conventional Sources
Solar Energy: Converts sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic technology. Popular in rural areas to reduce dependence on firewood and dung cakes.
Wind Energy: Captured using wind turbines. Major wind farms are located in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
Biogas: Produced from organic matter such as shrubs, farm waste, and animal waste. It offers higher thermal efficiency compared to traditional fuels like kerosene.
Tidal Energy: Utilizes the energy produced by oceanic tides. Ideal locations include the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gangetic delta.
Nuclear or Atomic Energy
Generated by altering the atomic structure, releasing significant heat used for power generation. Uranium and Thorium are major raw materials, located in Jharkhand and Kerala.
Environmental Impact and Conservation
Hazards of Mining
Mining activities can contaminate water sources, degrade land, and increase air pollution. Miners face health risks such as pulmonary diseases and hazards like collapsed mine roofs and fires.
Conservation Strategies
To use our mineral and energy resources sustainably, we must adopt:
Sustainable Mining Practices: Efficient extraction and processing methods.
Recycling and Substitutes: Using scrap metals and alternative materials to reduce the strain on natural resources.
Promotion of Renewable Energy: Enhance the use of solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources.
Conclusion
Minerals and energy resources are essential for human advancement. Understanding their extraction, utilization, and conservation helps us appreciate their value and the need for sustainable practices. This comprehensive guide is aimed at providing Class 10 students with essential knowledge for their geography curriculum and beyond.
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