Transport and Communication - Class 12 Geography - Chapter 7 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Notes - Transport and Communication | Class 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography
Comprehensive Class 12 Notes: Transport and Communication
Transport and communication are integral components of modern society, facilitating the movement of goods, services, and information across vast distances. This article provides detailed notes for Class 12 students on these critical topics.
Introduction to Transport and Communication
Transport and communication are key to linking producing centres with consuming centres. Efficient transport allows goods and services to move smoothly, while effective communication ensures that information travels swiftly and accurately.
Modes of Transportation
Various transport modes serve different needs and contexts. The primary modes include land, water, air, and pipelines, each contributing uniquely to the global transport system.
graph TD
A[Modes of Transportation]
A --> B[Land Transport]
A --> C[Water Transport]
A --> D[Air Transport]
A --> E[Pipelines]
B --> F[Roads]
B --> G[Railways]
B --> H[Pack Animals]
C --> I[Sea Routes]
C --> J[Inland Waterways]
D --> K[Air Routes]
Transport Network
A transport network consists of various nodes (places) connected by links (routes) forming a pattern. This network is crucial for the efficient movement of goods and people.
Land Transport
Early Methods of Land Transport
Initially, humans themselves transported goods, later using pack animals like horses, mules, and camels.
Evolution with Technology
The invention of the wheel and subsequent developments like steam engines and internal combustion engines revolutionised land transport.
Modern Methods
Today, land transport includes advanced road networks, railways, and newer methods like pipelines and cableways.
Railways
Railways are vital for transporting bulky goods and passengers over long distances. Major rail networks span continents, enhancing connectivity and economic integration.
Roads and Highways
Roads are essential for short-distance transport, providing door-to-door service. Highways further enhance connectivity between distant places.
Urban Transport Solutions
Higher Parking Fees
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Improved Public Bus Service
Expressways
Pack Animals
Despite technological advancements, pack animals like horses, mules, and camels remain essential in certain regions for transportation.
Water Transport
Water transport is cost-effective for moving bulky materials over long distances. It includes sea routes and inland waterways, each serving distinct roles.
Important Sea Routes
Northern Atlantic Sea Route
Mediterranean-Indian Ocean Sea Route
Cape of Good Hope Sea Route
North Pacific Sea Route
South Pacific Sea Route
graph LR
A[Important Sea Routes]
A --> B[Northern Atlantic]
A --> C[Mediterranean-Indian Ocean]
A --> D[Cape of Good Hope]
A --> E[North Pacific]
A --> F[South Pacific]
Shipping Canals
The Suez Canal
Linking the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, the Suez Canal reduces sea-route distances significantly.
The Panama Canal
Connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, the Panama Canal shortens travel distances for ships drastically.
Inland Waterways
Inland waterways, including rivers and lakes, play a crucial role in transporting heavy cargo like coal, timber, and ores.
Major Inland Waterways
The Rhine Waterway
The Danube Waterway
The Volga Waterway
The Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway
The Mississippi Waterway
Air Transport
Air transport is the fastest but most costly mode of transportation, often used for long-distance travel and valuable cargo.
Major Airports: New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, and Tokyo.
Pipelines
Pipelines transport liquids like water, petroleum, and natural gas efficiently over long distances. They provide an uninterrupted flow, reducing the need for physical transportation vehicles.
Communications
Development Over Time
Initially, telegraph and telephone systems were pivotal in communication. Modern advancements like optic fibre cables and the Internet have revolutionised how we communicate.
Satellite Communication
Satellites have enabled global connectivity, making long-distance communication faster and more reliable.
Cyber Space - Internet
The Internet is a global digital network, facilitating communication, information access, and economic transactions. It has grown exponentially, making cyberspace integral to modern life.
graph TB
Internet --> |Components| Email
Internet --> E-commerce
Internet --> E-learning
Internet --> E-governance
Internet --> Social_Media
Internet --> |Technologies| Wireless_Networks
Internet --> Fibre_Optics
Internet --> Satellites
Technological Advancements in Transport and Communication
Innovations in technology continually enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of transport and communication systems. Examples include advancements in rail and road design, the development of faster and more efficient aircraft, and the integration of digital technologies in communication infrastructure.
Conclusion
Transport and communication are essential pillars of modern society, enabling economic activities, enhancing connectivity, and facilitating efficient movement of goods, services, and information. Understanding these systems is crucial for appreciating their impact on our daily lives and the global economy.
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NCERT Solutions - Transport and Communication | Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography | Class 12
The Trans–Continental Stuart Highway runs between
(a) Darwin and Melbourne
(b) Edmonton and Anchorage
(c) Vancouver and St. John’s City
(d) Chengdu and Lhasa
The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway runs between (a) Darwin and Melbourne.
Which country has the highest density of railway network?
(a) Brazil
(b) U.S.A
(c) Canada
(d) Russia
The country with the highest density of railway network is Belgium. None of the options provided (Brazil, U.S.A, Canada, Russia) fit this description.
However, among the given options:
The U.S.A. has the most extensive railway network.
Russia has a very dense network west of the Urals with significant overall coverage.
If the question pertains to the overall extensive network, the best choice would be (b) U.S.A.
The Big Trunk Route runs through
(a) The Mediterranean – Indian ocean
(b) The North Atlantic Ocean
(c) The South Atlantic Ocean
(d) The North Pacific Ocean
The Big Trunk Route runs through (b) The North Atlantic Ocean.
The Big Inch pipeline transports
(a) Milk
(b) Liquid petroleum gas (LGP)
(c) Water
(d) Petroleum
The Big Inch pipeline transports (d) Petroleum.
Which one pair of the following places is linked by Channel Tunnel?
(a) London – Berlin
(b) Paris – London
(c) Berlin – Paris
(d) Barcelona – Berlin
The pair of places linked by the Channel Tunnel is:
(b) Paris – London.
This tunnel connects London in England with Paris in France, running underneath the English Channel.
Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) What are the problems of road transport in mountainous, desert and flood prone regions?
(ii) What is a trans–continental railway?
(iii) What are the advantages of water transport?
(i) Road transport issues in these regions include:
Mountainous Areas: Narrow roads, landslides, and steep gradients.
Deserts: Shifting sand, extreme heat, and lack of water.
Flood Prone Regions: Waterlogged roads, infrastructure damage, and difficult maintenance.
(ii) A trans-continental railway is a major rail route that runs across a continent, linking its two ends. It facilitates economic and political connections across vast geographical areas.
(iii) Water transport advantages:
No route construction needed with oceans serving as natural highways.
Cheaper energy costs due to lower friction.
Ideal for carrying bulky materials over long distances.
Elucidate the statement– “In a well managed transport system, various modes complement each other”.
In a well-managed transport system, different modes of transport, including land, water, air, and pipelines, work in harmony to optimize efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Each mode has unique advantages suited to specific types of goods and travel distances. For example:
Road transport offers cheaper and faster solutions for short distances and door-to-door services.
Railways are ideal for large volumes of bulky materials over long distances within a country.
Sea routes handle international freight, making long-distance transportation of bulky goods economical.
Airways are best for high-value, light, and perishable goods owing to their speed.
By complementing each other, these modes ensure a seamless transfer of goods and passengers, enhancing overall logistics, reducing congestion, minimizing costs, and improving reliability. This synergy elevates living standards by ensuring the timely and efficient movement of resources, fostering trade, and stimulating economic development.
Which are the major regions of the world having a dense network of airways.
The Northern Hemisphere hosts a dense network of inter-continental air routes, primarily concentrated in Eastern U.S.A., Western Europe, and Southeast Asia. These regions have a high volume of air traffic due to their economic significance and technological advancements. New York, London, Paris, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Rome, Moscow, Karachi, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Chicago are key nodal points where air routes converge or radiate to all continents. The U.S.A. alone accounts for 60% of the world's airways.
In contrast, Africa, the Asiatic part of Russia, and South America lack extensive air services, particularly between the 10° and 35° latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. This is attributed to sparser population, limited landmass, and lower economic development in these areas.
These established air networks have significantly enhanced global connectivity, overcoming geographic barriers like mountainous snowfields and inhospitable desert terrains.
What are the modes by which cyber space will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans.
Cyberspace will expand the contemporary economic and social space of humans through several modes:
E-mail: Facilitates instant communication across the globe, strengthening both personal and professional relationships.
E-commerce: Provides a platform for buying and selling goods and services online, drastically changing the retail landscape and creating new business opportunities.
E-learning: Offers accessible and flexible educational opportunities, enabling people to gain knowledge and skills remotely.
E-governance: Enhances government interaction with citizens through online services, improving accessibility and transparency.
Internet: Revolutionizes access to information and enables networking through social media, forums, and websites.
Fax, Television, and Radio: Contribute to reaching a broader audience by integrating with online platforms.
These systems collectively make the concept of a global village a reality, linking diverse populations and fostering global connectivity through efficient and innovative communication methods.
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There are three cities A, B and C, each of these cities is connected with the other two cities by at least one direct road. If a traveller wants to go from one city (origin) to another city (destination), she can do so either by traversing a road connecting the two cities directly, or by traversing two roads, the first connecting the origin to the third city and the second connecting the third city to the destination. In all there are 33 routes from A to B (including those via C). Similarly, there are 23 routes from B to C (including those via A). How many roads are there from A to C directly?
6
3
5
10
The correct option is 6.
To determine the number of roads directly connecting city A to city C, we first recognize the given information:
There are 33 routes from A to B (including those via C).
There are 23 routes from B to C (including those via A).
Let's denote:
The number of direct roads between A and B by $ x $.
The number of direct roads between B and C by $ y $.
The number of direct roads between A and C by $ z $.
According to the problem, a traveler can:
Take a direct road from A to B.
Move from A to C and then from C to B.
Thus, the total number of routes from A to B is the sum of the direct and indirect routes (via C):
$$ x + (z \cdot y) = 33 $$
Similarly, for routes from B to C:
$$ y + (x \cdot z) = 23 $$
We now need to find the values that satisfy both equations.
Let’s test the given options to find a consistent solution:
$ x = 3 $
$ y = 5 $
$ z = 6 $
Substituting these values into the equations:
For A to B:
$$ 3 + (6 \cdot 5) = 3 + 30 = 33 $$
For B to C:
$$ 5 + (3 \cdot 6) = 5 + 18 = 23 $$
Both conditions are satisfied, confirming that the number of direct roads between A and C is indeed 6.
Therefore, the correct answer is 6.
A. Legacy airlines, on the other hand, are more likely to run old, carbon-spewing jumbos. Nearly half of BA's transatlantic capacity, for example, is accounted for by 747s.
B. On average, a nonstop transatlantic flight and back spews out about a tonne of CO2 emissions per passenger but that figure hides a big spread in the fuel efficiency measures of different airlines.
C. One reason for its impressive performance is that it predominantly runs a fleet of modern, efficient Boeing 787-8s. The planes it uses are, on average, also only two years old and its high pax-km/l is also down to the fact that it squeezes in more passengers.
D. A new study of the 20 biggest transatlantic carriers by the International Council of Clean Transportation (ICCT) found that there was a 51% difference between the fuel efficiency of the best-performing airline, Norwegian Air Shuttle, and the worst, British Airways (BA). Norwegian, on average, flies at 40 passenger-kilometres per litre of jet fuel (pax-km/l).
Explanation:
Sentence 1: "Legacy airlines, on the other hand, are more likely to run old, carbon-spewing jumbos."
This sentence cannot begin the paragraph because the phrase "on the other hand" implies a contrast with some prior information that hasn’t been provided yet.
Sentence 3: "One reason for its impressive performance is that it predominantly runs a fleet of modern, efficient Boeing 787-8s."
This sentence also can't begin the paragraph because the pronoun "its" refers back to an antecedent that should have been introduced earlier.
To form a coherent sequence, sentence 3 should follow sentence 4, which first introduces why Norwegian Air Shuttle is the best performing airline. This makes sentence 3 a continuation explaining Norwegian's modern fleet. Sentence 1 logically follows after sentence 3, as it contrasts the poor fuel efficiency of legacy airlines with Norwegian's performance. Thus, sentences 4, 3, and 1 form a chain.
Now consider sentence 2: "On average, a nonstop transatlantic flight and back spews out about a tonne of CO2 emissions per passenger but that figure hides a big spread in the fuel efficiency measures of different airlines." If sentence 2 directly follows sentence 1, there is no clear link. However, if sentence 2 precedes sentence 4, it introduces the issue of varying fuel efficiency, which is further elaborated in sentence 4 by mentioning the ICCT study.
Hence, the final sequence is 2, 4, 3, 1.
So, the correct order is 2431.
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