Human Development - Class 12 Geography - Chapter 3 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
Renews every month. Cancel anytime
Your personal doubt-solving assistant
Chatterbot AI gives you 100% accurate answers to your questions in an instant.
Extra Questions - Human Development | Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography | Class 12
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Human Development | Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography | Class 12
Which one of the following best describes development?
(a) an increase in size
(b) a constant in size
(c) a positive change in quality
(d) a simple change in the quality
The best description of development based on the chapter is:
(c) a positive change in quality
Development refers to a qualitative change which is always value positive.
Which one of the following scholars introduced the concept of Human Development?
(a) Prof. Amartya Sen
(b) Ellen C. Semple
(c) Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq
(d) Ratzel
(c) Dr Mahabub-ul-Haq
Dr. Mahabub-ul-Haq introduced the concept of Human Development.
What are the three basic areas of human development?
The three basic areas of human development, as highlighted in the chapter, are:
Access to Resources
Health
Education
Name the four main components of human development?
The four main components of human development, also referred to as the "four pillars of human development," are:
Equity
Sustainability
Productivity
Empowerment
How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?
Countries are classified into four groups based on their Human Development Index (HDI) scores:
Very High Human Development:
Score: Above 0.800
Number of Countries: 66
High Human Development:
Score: Between 0.700 and up to 0.799
Number of Countries: 53
Medium Human Development:
Score: Between 0.550 and up to 0.699
Number of Countries: 37
Low Human Development:
Score: Below 0.549
Number of Countries: 33
These classifications help compare levels of human development across countries and provide insight into areas requiring improvement or investment.
What do you understand by the term human development?
The term human development refers to the process of expanding people's choices and enhancing their quality of life. According to Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq, human development occurs when people can live long, healthy lives with dignity. This means having the capability and freedom to:
Improve their health
Develop their talents and acquire knowledge
Participate in society and achieve their goals
Human development emphasizes access to resources, health, and education as key areas for enhancing people's lives.
What do equity and sustainability refer to within the concept of human development?
Equity and sustainability are two of the four pillars of human development.
Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. This means that everyone should have the same opportunities regardless of their gender, race, income, or caste. However, in reality, equal access often isn't provided, leading to limitations for certain groups.
Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities across generations. This involves using environmental, financial, and human resources responsibly to ensure that future generations also have similar opportunities. Misuse of resources can lead to fewer opportunities for future generations.
Both of these concepts highlight the necessity of providing equal opportunities and ensuring that these opportunities are available for future generations to promote sustainable human development.
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINotes - Human Development | Class 12 Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography
Comprehensive Human Development Class 12 Notes: Key Insights and Concepts
Understanding Growth and Development
Growth and development are pivotal terms in understanding human progress. While both denote changes over time, they are inherently different. Growth is quantitative and value-neutral, meaning it can be either positive (showing an increase) or negative (indicating a decrease). Development, on the other hand, signifies qualitative positive changes. It implies enhancements that add value to the existing conditions, ensuring a positive impact on overall quality.
Key Contributors to Human Development
Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq introduced the concept of human development. He described it as development that enlarges people's choices and enhances their lives. His vision led to the creation of the Human Development Index (HDI) in 1990, utilised annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen focused on the role of increasing freedoms. Sen's work highlighted that freedom, alongside social and political institutions, is crucial in fostering human development.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The HDI is a composite index measuring a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, education, and access to resources. A score close to 1 indicates a high level of human development, while a score closer to 0 signifies a lower level.
Calculation of HDI
- Health is measured by life expectancy at birth.
- Education is represented by the adult literacy rate and gross enrolment ratio.
- Access to resources is quantified in terms of purchasing power.
These dimensions are weighted equally, each contributing one-third to the HDI score.
Components of Human Development
- Access to Resources: Ensures that individuals have the means to live a decent and comfortable life.
- Health: Reflects the ability to live long and healthy lives.
- Education: Empowers people by increasing knowledge and skills.
The Four Pillars of Human Development
The concept of human development is founded on four primary pillars:
-
Equity:
- Ensures equal access to opportunities, irrespective of gender, race, income, or caste.
-
Sustainability:
- Emphasises the continuity of opportunities across generations. It advocates the responsible use of resources to ensure availability for the future.
-
Productivity:
- Relates to human labour productivity, which must be enriched by building capabilities in people through better health and education.
-
Empowerment:
- Grants the power and freedom to make choices. This is facilitated by good governance and people-oriented policies.
Approaches to Human Development
There are several approaches to understanding human development:
-
Income Approach:
- Links human development to income levels, suggesting that higher income equates to greater freedom and development.
-
Welfare Approach:
- Sees human beings as beneficiaries of development activities. It advocates for increased government expenditure on social services.
-
Minimum Needs Approach:
- Emphasised by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), focusing on provisions for health, education, food, water, sanitation, and housing.
-
Capability Approach:
- Associated with Amartya Sen, this approach stresses building human capabilities in health, education, and access to resources.
Measuring Human Development
The HDI ranks countries based on performance in health, education, and access to resources. However, it is not the sole measure. The Human Poverty Index (HPI), for example, measures the shortfall in human development, considering factors like the probability of not surviving till age 40, adult illiteracy, and access to clean water.
HDI Calculation Flowchart (Mermaid.js):
graph TD;
A[Human Development Index] --> B[Health - Life Expectancy]
A --> C[Education - Literacy & Enrollment]
A --> D[Resources - Purchasing Power]
B --> E[Life Expectancy at Birth]
C --> F[Adult Literacy Rate]
C --> G[Gross Enrollment Ratio]
D --> H[Purchasing Power in US Dollars]
E --> I[Higher Life Expectancy -> Higher HDI]
F --> J[Higher Literacy Rate -> Higher HDI]
G --> K[Higher Enrollment -> Higher HDI]
H --> L[Greater Purchasing Power -> Higher HDI]
International Comparisons of Human Development
Countries with higher HDI scores are typically marked by significant investment in the social sectors such as education and health. Notably, smaller countries or those with smaller economies, such as Sri Lanka and Trinidad and Tobago, often outperform larger nations like India in human development rankings.
Case Study: India's Human Development India has been ranked low in HDI, primarily due to challenges in healthcare, education, and income equity. Persistent social disparities and infrastructural deficiencies continue to affect its ranking.
The Concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Bhutan promotes the Gross National Happiness (GNH) as a measure of progress. GNH prioritises spiritual, non-material, and qualitative aspects of development over mere economic growth. It ensures that any material progress does not come at the cost of overall happiness and well-being.
Conclusion
Human development is a multifaceted concept emphasising the importance of enhancing the quality of life through equitable access to resources, improved health, and better education. Understanding and measuring these elements, as illustrated by the HDI and other indices, provide valuable insights into the progress of nations and communities.
By comprehending these dimensions, students can appreciate the complexity and significance of human development, which extends far beyond mere economic growth.
🚀 Learn more about Notes with Chatterbot AI