Secondary Activities - Class 12 Geography - Chapter 5 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Secondary Activities | Fundamentals of Human Geography | Geography | Class 12
Discuss the major trends of modern industrial activities especially in the developed countries of the world.
In developed countries, modern industrial activities exhibit several significant trends:
Technological Innovation: Utilization of advanced technology such as robotics, computer-aided design (CAD), and electronic controls enhances productivity and efficiency.
Specialization: There is a high degree of specialization and division of labor, resulting in the mass production of standardized parts.
Automation: Increased automation in manufacturing processes reduces the reliance on manual labor, improving speed and precision.
Complex Organizational Structures: Industries in these regions have large organizations with extensive executive bureaucracy and substantial capital investments.
Uneven Geographic Distribution: Industrial activities are concentrated in specific economic hubs, making these regions centers of economic and political power.
High-tech Industries: There is a focus on high-tech industries that involve intensive research and development (R&D), leading to innovations in fields like electronics, pharmaceuticals, and advanced machinery.
Environmentally Conscious Practices: Emphasis on sustainability and pollution control through better waste management and eco-friendly practices.
These trends depict an evolving industrial landscape that harnesses technological advancements and organizational efficiency to maintain competitiveness in the global market.
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Which one of the following statements is wrong?
(a) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along the Hugli.
(b) Sugar, cotton textiles and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
(c) The development of hydro-electricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for industry.
(d) Port towns in India have attracted industries.
The incorrect statement is:
(b) Sugar, cotton textiles, and vegetable oils are footloose industries.
Explanation: These industries are not footloose as they are dependent on specific raw materials and are generally situated near their sources to reduce transportation costs. Footloose industries, on the other hand, can be located in a wide variety of places and are usually not dependent on any specific raw material.
In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually ?
(a) Capitalist
(b) Mixed
(c) Socialist
(d) None
In a capitalist economy, the factors of production are owned individually.
So, the correct answer is (a) Capitalist.
Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries?
(a) Cottage Industries
(b) Small-scale Industries
(c) Basic Industries
(d) Footloose Industries
The correct answer is (c) Basic Industries.
Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(a) Automobile industry … Los Angeles
(b) Shipbuilding industry … Lusaka
(c) Aircraft industry … Florence
The correctly matched pair is:
(a) Automobile industry – Los Angeles
Los Angeles is known for having a significant automobile industry presence.
Lusaka is not known for its shipbuilding industry.
Florence is not a notable center for the aircraft industry.
Write a short note on the following in about 30 words.
(i) High-Tech industry
(ii) Manufacturing
(iii) Footloose industries
(i) High-Tech Industry
High-tech industries involve the latest manufacturing activities driven by intensive research and development (R&D), employing highly skilled specialists and using advanced technologies like robotics and CAD.
(ii) Manufacturing
Manufacturing transforms raw materials into finished products through processes, involving power, mass production, and specialised labour in factory settings, encompassing a wide range from handicrafts to advanced machinery.
(iii) Footloose Industries
Footloose industries can be set up in various locations regardless of raw material sources, relying on components available anywhere, and typically involve small-scale production and minimal pollution.
Differentiate between primary and secondary activities.
Aspect | Primary Activities | Secondary Activities |
---|---|---|
Definition | Involve direct extraction/harvesting of natural resources. | Involve transforming raw materials into finished products. |
Examples | Agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining. | Manufacturing, processing, construction industries. |
Nature of Activities | Extraction-based. | Production and processing-based. |
Economic Role | Provide raw materials for other sectors. | Add value to raw materials. |
Location Factors | Often depend on natural resource availability. | Depend on factors like raw material access, market, transportation. |
Market Influence | Usually do not require proximity to markets. | Often require proximity to markets for distribution of finished goods. |
Technological Level | Can be labor-intensive with low technological requirements. | Generally utilize advanced technology and machinery. |
Example of Activity | Farming to produce crops. | Converting cotton into fabric or manufacturing steel from iron ore. |
This table highlights the main differences between primary and secondary activities, emphasizing their roles, examples, and factors influencing their operations.
Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres.
High-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to peripheral areas of major metropolitan centres due to several advantageous factors:
Availability of Space: Peripheral areas generally offer more space at a lower cost compared to congested urban centres. This space is ideal for the modern, low, and dispersed office-plant-lab buildings characteristic of high-tech industries.
Cost Efficiency: Land and property costs are significantly lower in peripheral areas. This cost efficiency is beneficial for setting up large-scale, specialised infrastructure required by high-tech industries.
Accessibility: Peripheral areas being close to metropolitan centres still offer good access to urban infrastructure and amenities like transportation, communication networks, and utilities without the disadvantages of urban congestion.
Quality of Life: Employees often enjoy a better quality of life in the quieter, less polluted environments found in peripheral areas. Higher living standards can attract skilled professionals essential for high-tech industries.
Government Policies: Many governments encourage the relocation to peripheral areas through incentives like tax breaks, subsidies, and the development of technology parks or technopolies, promoting regional economic balance.
Synergies and Collaboration: Peripheral areas sometimes host business parks and technology hubs specifically designed to foster innovation and collaboration among high-tech firms.
In summary, high-tech industries benefit from the space, cost, accessibility, and quality of life offered by these peripheral areas, combined with supportive government policies and the presence of tech hubs which foster innovation.
Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward continent. Comment.
Despite Africa's immense natural resources, it remains industrially backward due to several factors:
Lack of Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, such as inadequate transportation and energy supply, hampers industrial development.
Political Instability: Frequent political instability and conflicts deter investment and disrupt economic activities.
Limited Access to Technology: Many countries in Africa lack access to advanced technology and expertise, essential for modern industrial processes.
Inadequate Education and Skills: A lack of skilled labor due to inadequate education systems affects the growth of industries.
Poor Governance and Corruption: Inefficient governance and corruption negatively impact the economic environment and deter foreign investments.
Dependence on Primary Activities: Economies in many African countries heavily rely on primary activities (like mining and agriculture) rather than developing secondary (industrial) sectors.
These factors collectively contribute to Africa's industrial backwardness, despite its rich natural resource base.
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Comprehensive Class 12 Notes on Secondary Activities: Everything You Need to Know
Introduction to Secondary Activities
Understanding Secondary Activities
Secondary activities are crucial economic activities that deal with transforming raw materials into valuable products. This transformation process adds significant value to natural resources, making them more useful for human consumption. For instance, cotton in its raw form has limited applications, but once it is transformed into yarn, it becomes valuable for making clothes. Similarly, iron ore is transformed into steel before it can be used to manufacture tools, machines, and other valuable items.
Types of Secondary Activities
Manufacturing: This broad category includes everything from handicrafts to the production of space vehicles. It involves the application of power, mass production of identical items, and specialised labour in a factory setting to produce standardised commodities.
Processing: Involves changing the form of raw materials to make them more useful.
Construction: This includes building infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and bridges.
Characteristics of Modern Large-Scale Manufacturing
Specialisation of Skills/Methods of Production
In traditional 'craft' methods, factories produce a few made-to-order pieces, resulting in higher costs. On the other hand, mass production focuses on producing large quantities of standardised parts, with each worker performing a single task repeatedly.
Manufacturing Industry Explained
Manufacturing involves transforming raw materials into finished products that have higher value. An industry is a geographically located manufacturing unit that keeps records under a management system. It's important to distinguish between 'manufacturing industry' and other secondary activities like the entertainment or tourism industry.
Mechanisation in Manufacturing
Mechanisation involves using gadgets to accomplish tasks, while automation represents an advanced stage where machines operate with minimal human intervention. Automated factories with computer control systems have become common worldwide.
Technological Innovations
Research and development (R&D) are vital for modern manufacturing. Innovations contribute to quality control, waste reduction, and pollution management.
Organisational Structure in Manufacturing
Modern manufacturing is typically characterised by:
- Complex machine technology
- Specialisation and division of labour
- Large capital investments
- Large organisations
- Executive bureaucracy
Uneven Geographic Distribution
Manufacturing is concentrated in less than 10% of the world’s land area, making these regions significant centres of economic and political power. For example, several large integrated factories in a small area can employ thousands of workers, highlighting the intense processes involved.
Factors Influencing Industrial Locations
Industries aim to maximise profits by reducing production costs. Key factors influencing industrial locations include:
Access to Market
The existence of a market for manufactured goods is crucial. Developed regions like Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia, with their high purchasing power, provide large global markets.
Access to Raw Material
Industries dependent on cheap, bulky raw materials are usually located close to their sources. Examples include steel, sugar, and cement industries.
Access to Labour Supply
Although mechanisation has reduced dependency on labour, access to skilled labour remains essential for some manufacturing processes.
Access to Sources of Energy
Industries that consume a lot of power are often located near energy sources such as hydroelectric power plants or petroleum supplies.
Access to Transportation and Communication Facilities
Efficient transport and communication systems are indispensable for moving raw materials and finished goods.
Government Policy
Governments often adopt regional policies to promote balanced economic development, influencing the location of industries.
Access to Agglomeration Economies
Industries benefit from being close to a 'leader' industry and other related industries, deriving savings from these linkages.
Footloose Industries
Footloose industries do not depend on specific raw materials and can operate in various locations. They produce in small quantities, employ fewer people, and are typically non-polluting.
Classification of Manufacturing Industries
Based on Size
Household Industries or Cottage Manufacturing: These are the smallest manufacturing units where artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce goods at home.
Small Scale Manufacturing: This involves local raw materials and semi-skilled labour, usually performed outside the home in workshops.
Large Scale Manufacturing: Involves a large market, a variety of raw materials, and enormous energy. This form of manufacturing requires specialised workers, advanced technology, and significant capital.
Based on Inputs/Raw Materials
- Agro-based Industries: Processing raw materials from farms into finished products.
- Mineral-based Industries: Using minerals like iron and aluminium as raw materials.
- Chemical-based Industries: Involving natural chemical minerals and synthetic materials.
- Forest-based Raw Material Industries: Using timber and other forest products.
- Animal-based Industries: Using animal products like leather and wool.
Based on Output/Product
- Basic Industries: Produce goods used as raw materials for other industries.
- Consumer Goods Industries: Produce goods for direct consumer use, like bread, soap, and electronics.
Industries Based on Ownership
- Public Sector Industries: Owned and managed by the government.
- Private Sector Industries: Owned by private entities.
- Joint Sector Industries: Managed by joint stock companies or by both public and private sectors.
Concept of High Technology Industry
High technology, or high-tech, industries involve intensive research and development leading to advanced products. These industries employ highly skilled specialists and use sophisticated technologies like robotics and computer-aided design.
Examples of Technopolies: Silicon Valley near San Francisco and Silicon Forest near Seattle are prime examples of technopolies, which are highly concentrated, specialised, and self-sustained high-tech regions.
By understanding these comprehensive aspects of secondary activities, students can gain a thorough grasp of how raw materials transform into valuable products, the various factors influencing industrial locations, and the modern advancements in manufacturing that drive the global economy.
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