Physical Features of India - Class 9 Social Science - Chapter 2 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Notes - Physical Features of India | Class 9 Contemporary India - I | Social Science
Introduction to India's Diverse Physical Features
India's geography is incredibly diverse, encompassing mountains, plains, plateaus, deserts, coastal plains, and islands. Understanding these physical features is crucial, especially for students in class 9, as it forms the foundation of geographical knowledge and appreciation of the country's natural resources.
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas, young geologically and structurally fold mountains, stretch along India's northern border. They form an arc spanning approximately 2,400 kilometers from the Indus river in the west to the Brahmaputra river in the east, with the width varying from 400 kilometers in Kashmir to 150 kilometers in Arunachal Pradesh.
Major Himalayan Ranges
Himadri (Great or Inner Himalayas): The northernmost and most continuous range, composed of granite, with an average height of about 6,000 meters. It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.
Himachal (Lesser Himalayas): Located south of the Himadri, composed of highly compressed rocks, with altitudes between 3,700 and 4,500 meters. This range includes the famous Kashmir, Kangra, and Kullu valleys.
Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas): The southernmost range, with a width of 10-50 kilometers and altitudes between 900 and 1,100 meters, composed of unconsolidated sediments.
The Northern Plains
Formed by the interplay of the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems, the Northern Plains are incredibly fertile due to alluvial deposits over millions of years. Spanning approximately 7 lakh square kilometers and stretching 2,400 kilometers long, the plains are crucial for agriculture and densely populated.
Sections of the Northern Plains
Punjab Plains: Dominated by the Indus and its tributaries, mainly lies in Pakistan, notable for doabs.
Ganga Plains: Spans from Haryana to West Bengal, encompassing regions like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand.
Brahmaputra Plains: Located in Assam, known for riverine islands like Majuli, the largest inhabited riverine island globally.
The Peninsular Plateau
This ancient tableland is composed of crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks and is a key feature of India's geography. It has a broad and shallow valley with rounded hills.
Major Divisions
Central Highlands: North of the Narmada river, includes the Malwa plateau.
Deccan Plateau: South of the Narmada, triangular in shape, extending to the southern tip of India and higher in the west than the east.
The Indian Desert
Located towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills, the Thar Desert is characterized by sandy plains and dunes. It receives less than 150 mm of rainfall annually, with arid climate and sparse vegetation.
The Coastal Plains
The narrow coastal plains run along India's western and eastern coasts. They differ significantly in their geography and features.
Western Coastal Plains
Konkan Coast: Northern part, from Mumbai to Goa.
Kannad Plain: Central stretch.
Malabar Coast: Southern part.
Eastern Coastal Plains
Northern Circar: Northern part.
Coromandel Coast: Southern part.
Significant deltas formed by rivers like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri enrich these plains.
The Islands
India's geographical diversity extends to its islands.
Lakshadweep Islands
Located off the coast of Kerala, these coral islands are small but ecologically significant, with diverse flora and fauna.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Situated in the Bay of Bengal, these islands are larger and more numerous, divided into the Andaman (north) and Nicobar (south). They hold significant strategic importance and feature India's only active volcano on Barren Island.
Role of Physical Features in India's Economy and Environment
The diverse physical features significantly impact India's natural resources:
Mountains: Major sources of water and forests.
Plains: Granaries of the country, vital for agriculture.
Plateau: Rich in minerals, aiding industrialization.
Coastal Regions and Islands: Crucial for fishing, port activities, and biodiversity.
Conclusion
India's physical features make it a land of great natural wealth and diversity. Understanding these features is essential for appreciating the country's geography and leveraging its resources for sustainable development. For class 9 students, these notes provide a comprehensive guide to India's major geographical divisions and their significance.
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Extra Questions - Physical Features of India | Contemporary India - I | Social Science | Class 9
The Kaladan transport project by India and Myanmar comprises which of the following modes of transport?
Inland water transport
Roads
Railways
Shipping
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A) 1, 2, 3 and 4
B) 1, 3 and 4 only
C) 2 and 4 only
D) 1, 2 and 4 only
The correct answer is Option D: 1, 2, and 4 only.
The Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project is designed to create a link starting from the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata which reaches the Sittwe seaport in Myanmar by shipping. From there, it connects to the interior via the Kaladan river using inland water transport, and finally extends up to Mizoram in India through road transport.
No railway component is involved in this project, thereby excluding railways from the list of transport modes used in the Kaladan transport project. Thus, the modes of transport involved are:
Inland water transport
Roads
Shipping
Here is the visual representation of the mentioned paths:
With reference to Himalayas, consider the following statements:
The folds of Great Himalayas are symmetrical in nature.
The lesser Himalayan ranges form the most rugged mountain system in the Himalayan mountain system.
The lesser Himalayan range consists of Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, and Mahabharat ranges.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct Option: B
Only statements 2 and 3 are correct.
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: The folds of the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this section of the Himalayas is composed of granite. It is perpetually snow-covered, and many glaciers originate from this range.
Statement 2 is correct: The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system known as Himachal or lesser Himalaya. These ranges are primarily composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. The Purvanchal or the Eastern hills, which extend through the north-eastern states, are mostly composed of strong sandstones.
Statement 3 is correct: The lesser Himalayan range includes the Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, and Mahabharat ranges. Among these, the Pir Panjal range is the longest and most important, while the Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat ranges are also prominent.
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Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Physical Features of India | Contemporary India - I | Social Science | Class 9
A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as
(a) Coast
(b) Island
(c) Peninsula
(d) None of the above
(c) Peninsula
Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundary with Myanmar are collectively called
(a) Himachal
(b) Uttarakhand
(c) Purvachal
(d) None of the above
(c) Purvachal
The western coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as
(a) Coromandel
(b) Konkan
(c) Kannad
(d) Northern Circar
(c) Kannad
The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is
(a) Anai Mudi
(b) Kanchenjunga
(c) Mahendragiri
(d) Khasi
(c) Mahendragiri
What is the bhabar?
The bhabar is a narrow belt of land that extends approximately 8 to 16 kilometers in width and lies parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks across the northern plains of India. It consists of pebbles and coarse sand that have been deposited by streams descending from the Himalayas. This region is characterized by its porous and rocky soil, where streams disappear underground due to the high porosity. The bhabar area is generally less suitable for agriculture due to its coarse composition and lack of moisture retention, making it markedly different from the fertile plains further south.
Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
The three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south are:
1. The Great or Inner Himalayas or Himadri: This is the northern-most range and is known for its continuous high peaks and rugged mountain terrain. It contains the highest Himalayan peaks, including Mt. Everest.
2. The Lesser Himalayas or Himachal: Located south of the Himadri, this division features prominently compressed and altered rocks, and supports known hill stations like Mussoorie, Nainital, and Ranikhet.
3. The Outer Himalayas or Shiwaliks: The southernmost range, consisting of low hills formed from unconsolidated sediments deposited by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges located farther north. This range includes several valleys known as Duns.
Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges?
The plateau that lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges is known as the Central Highlands. This area covers a major part of the Malwa plateau and extends eastward into the regions locally known as Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Central Highlands are characterized by their wider expanse in the west and narrower form in the east.
Name the island group of India having coral origin.
The island group of India having coral origin is the Lakshadweep Islands. These islands are composed of small coral islands and were earlier known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindive, but were renamed as Lakshadweep in 1973. They cover a small area of 32 sq km and Kavaratti Island serves as the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. This island group boasts a great diversity of flora and fauna.
Distinguish between
(i) Bhangar and Khadar
(ii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
Aspect | Bhangar | Khadar |
---|---|---|
Soil Type | Older alluvium contains kankar (calcareous deposits) | Newer, younger alluvial deposits |
Location | Lies above the flood plains of rivers | Forms the floodplains of the rivers |
Soil Fertility | Less fertile than Khadar | More fertile; renewed almost every year |
Surface | More uneven with pebble-strewn beds | Smoother and more uniform |
Agricultural Suitability | Suitable for less water-intensive crops | Ideal for intensive agriculture; supports water-intensive crops |
Aspect | Western Ghats | Eastern Ghats |
---|---|---|
Location Relative to Coast | Parallel to the west coast of India | Parallel to the east coast of India |
Continuity | More continuous and can be crossed only through passes | Discontinuous and irregular; dissected by rivers |
Elevation | Higher; average elevation between 900-1600 meters | Lower; average elevation about 600 meters |
Rainfall | Receives more rainfall due to orographic lift | Receives less rainfall |
Major Peaks | Higher peaks like Anai Mudi (2,695 meters) | Lower peaks like Mahendragiri (1,501 meters) |
Vegetation | Thicker and denser forests | Comparatively less dense forest |
Local Names and Cover | Known by various local names; very biodiverse | Lesser biodiversity compared to Western Ghats |
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau.
India's major physiographic divisions include the Himalayan Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, the Coastal Plains, and the Islands.
The Himalayan region is characterized by young, geologically active, fold mountains with rugged topography, featuring high peaks, deep valleys, and fast-flowing rivers. This area exhibits significant altitudinal variations resulting in diverse climates and ecosystems across its expanse.
In contrast, the Peninsular Plateau consists of ancient crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks forming a stable landmass. Its landscape is marked by broad, shallow valleys and rounded hills, with a relatively uniform elevation that gently slopes from west to east, indicating a much more eroded and older terrain compared to the dynamic Himalayan region.
Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.
The Northern Plains of India are a vast fertile area formed by the rivers Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This region spans approximately 7 lakh sq. km, featuring soil enriched by alluvial deposits accumulated over millennia. Due to its rich soil, ample water, and favorable climate, it stands as one of the most agriculturally productive parts of India. These plains are not uniformly flat but showcase diversity with features like bhabar, terai, bhangar, and khadar zones, each differing in soil type and fertility. The expanse facilitates intense agriculture and supports a dense population, making it a vital economic zone of the country.
Write short notes on the following.
(i) The Indian Desert
(ii) The Central Highlands
(iii) The Island groups of India
(i) The Indian Desert
The Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, is located on the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is characterized by a sandy terrain with extensive sand dunes, known as barchans, and experiences very low rainfall of less than 150 mm annually, making it a region with an arid climate. Vegetation is sparse due to the low precipitation. The primary river in this desert is the Luni River, which often disappears into the sand before reaching the sea. The desert is also noted for its distinctive culture and hosts a variety of festivals and traditions.
(ii) The Central Highlands
The Central Highlands are part of the Peninsular Plateau, lying to the north of the Narmada River. This region primarily extends over the Malwa Plateau and is surrounded by the Vindhya Range to the south and the Aravalis to the northwest. The rivers flowing through the highlands, such as the Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken, drain in a southwest to northeast direction, reflecting the overall slope of the plateau. The highlands are broader in the west and taper towards the east, where they are known regionally as Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. This area is significant for its historical cities and rich cultural heritage.
(iii) The Island Groups of India
India's two major island groups are the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Lakshadweep is comprised of small coral islands known for their rich marine biodiversity and is an administrative region with its headquarters at Kavaratti. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located closer to the equator, are known for their lush forests and diverse ecosystems. They play a crucial role in India's strategic defense due to their location. The islands also boast India's only active volcano, found on Barren Island.
Locate the peaks, passes, ranges, plateaus, hills, and duns hidden in the puzzle. Try to find where these features are located. You may start your search horizontally, vertically or diagonally.
E | M | K | U | N | L | N | A | T | H | U | L | A | R | I | A | H | I | A | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | H | A | S | J | M | A | N | J | K | M | A | J | L | B | H | O | R | P | J |
J | N | V | F | A | E | T | D | C | A | R | D | E | M | O | M | L | O | M | K |
C | R | E | I | I | Q | H | M | O | I | F | T | N | X | M | A | X | F | C | T |
N | M | T | S | N | A | U | Q | R | M | S | A | N | A | D | I | D | A | N | J |
A | B | X | A | T | G | A | R | O | U | L | F | V | D | I | K | P | T | D | C |
C | Y | C | H | I | G | A | M | M | R | D | T | I | Z | L | A | J | P | O | K |
H | R | T | K | A | N | C | H | E | N | J | U | N | G | A | L | U | L | B | E |
O | O | M | O | P | I | T | P | N | O | S | S | D | D | K | S | P | D | O | K |
T | D | A | N | M | L | M | D | D | C | S | A | H | L | S | A | I | E | E | J |
A | R | R | K | A | G | T | H | A | R | H | E | Y | D | H | H | A | I | A | R |
N | S | A | A | L | I | A | T | L | E | I | Y | A | B | A | Y | T | H | R | L |
A | Z | V | N | W | R | E | D | S | P | P | A | N | H | D | A | O | J | U | K |
G | O | A | N | A | I | M | U | D | I | K | D | P | M | W | D | A | B | P | E |
P | A | L | L | J | S | H | E | V | R | I | Y | E | V | E | R | E | S | T | M |
U | O | I | M | Y | R | Y | P | A | T | L | I | G | J | E | I | T | H | A | R |
R | K | I | Q | S | L | A | H | C | N | A | V | R | V | P | E | A | T | S | P |
Image
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Ask Chatterbot AIExtra Questions and Answers - Physical Features of India | Contemporary India - I | Social Science | Class 9
What are the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas?
The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are:
1. The Great or Inner Himalayas (Himadri) - This is the northernmost and the most continuous range. It contains the highest peaks, including all the major prominent peaks of the Himalayas. The zone is composed largely of granite and is perennially snow-bound, with numerous glaciers descending from this range.
2. The Lesser Himalayas (Himachal) - Located south of the Himadri, these ranges feature rugged mountain systems with altitudes mainly between 3,700 and 4,500 meters. This range includes well-known mountain ranges such as the Pir Panjal range, and it is known for famous valleys such as the Kashmir and the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh. This region is also noted for its hill stations.
3. The Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks) - These are the southernmost ranges, with altitudes typically ranging from 900 to 1100 meters. The Shiwalik range consists of unconsolidated sediments brought down by rivers from the main Himalayan ranges to the north. The region is characterized by numerous valleys known as "Duns," such as Dehra Dun.
What is the highest peak in the Himalayas located in India?
The highest peak in the Himalayas located in India is Kanchenjunga, with a height of 8,598 metres.
What geological features make the core of the Great Himalayas?
The core of the Great Himalayas, also known as the Himadri, is composed primarily of granite. These granitic cores are significant as they contribute to the high elevation and ruggedness of the Himalayas. This region is perennially snow-bound, and numerous glaciers descend from this range, forming a crucial part of the Himalayas’ landscape and hydrology. These geological features provide the backbone for the highest peaks in the Himalayas, underpinning their majestic and formidable nature.
Which three major river systems contribute to forming the Northern Plain?
The Northern Plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely - the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra, along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil and is a densely populated and agriculturally productive area due to the rich soil and ample water supply from these rivers.
What is the difference between the terms "bhabar" and "terai" in the context of the Northern Plains?
Bhabar and Terai are two distinct regions in the Northern Plains of India, characterized by their unique geographical features. The Bhabar is a narrow belt of land about 8 to 16 km wide, located along the foothills of the Shiwaliks. It is composed of coarse alluvial soil and large pebbles, where streams disappear under the permeable sediment. In contrast, Terai lies immediately south of the Bhabar region and features a wet, swampy, and marshy landscape. The streams re-emerge in this area, creating a richly forested region with dense vegetation and diverse wildlife. While Bhabar is relatively dry and less suitable for agriculture, Terai is more fertile and has been developed for intensive agriculture.
Name the region that is described as having older alluvium and is known as bhangar.
The region described as having older alluvium and known as bhangar is the largest part of the Northern Plain in India. It lies above the floodplains of the rivers and presents a terrace-like feature. The soil in this region contains calcareous deposits locally known as kankar.
What characterizes the Peninsular Plateau in terms of its geological composition?
The Peninsular Plateau is characterized by its geological composition of old crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. This plateau originated from the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land, making it one of the oldest landmasses on Earth. The region is marked by its broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills. A distinctive feature of this plateau is the Deccan Trap, an area known for its volcanic origin, which has resulted in the formation of rich, black soil. The physiography of the plateau is shaped by its ancient geological structures, which contribute to the diversity and richness of the landscape.
How does the Central Highlands differ from the Deccan Plateau?
The Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau are distinct regions of the Peninsular Plateau in India. Geographically, the Central Highlands lie to the north of the Narmada River, mainly encompassing the Malwa plateau, bounded by the Vindhyan range to the south and the Aravalis to the northwest. In contrast, the Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass south of the Narmada River, bordered by the Satpura Range in the north and extending into the southern parts of India.
Topographically, the Central Highlands have a varying width, narrower in the east and broader in the west, characterized by northeast-flowing rivers. The Deccan Plateau slopes gently eastwards, higher in the west, and is drained by rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The soil and vegetation also differ due to these geographical and climatic variations.
Identify a river that drains the Chotanagpur Plateau.
The Damodar river drains the Chotanagpur Plateau.
Describe the climatic and geographical features of the Indian Desert.
The Indian Desert, also located towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills, is characterized by several distinctive climatic and geographical features:
Arid Climate: This region receives very low rainfall, not exceeding 150 mm per year, which contributes to its dry and arid climate. The temperatures can be quite extreme, with high variations between day and night.
Sandy Landscape: Geographically, it is an undulating sandy plain primarily covered with sand dunes. The presence of shifting sand dunes, particularly barchans (crescent-shaped dunes), is a notable feature of the landscape.
Sparse Vegetation: Due to the arid climate, vegetation is minimal and scattered, adapted to the harsh environment with low moisture. Only hardy species of plants, which can tolerate extreme dry conditions, are able to survive here.
Luni River: The Luni is the only large river that traverses this region. It typically vanishes into the sand before reaching a larger water body, which is typical of the ephemeral streams in this desert.
Temperature Extremes: The region experiences extreme temperatures due to the lack of vegetation and moisture. Days are extremely hot while the nights can be surprisingly cold.
What is a barchan, and where can it most commonly be found?
A barchan is a type of sand dune that is crescent-shaped, with the tips of the crescent pointing downwind. The convex side of the dune faces the wind, allowing the sand to slip down the gentler slope on the leeward side. Conditions ideal for barchan formation typically include limited supply of sand, a hard surface below, and a uni-directional wind pattern.
Barchans can migrate with the wind, moving the whole dune forward as sand is blown up the windward side and falls down the leeward side. They are commonly found in desert environments where these conditions are met. In India, barchans are prominently found in the Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert, located towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. This region, characterized by its arid climate and sparse vegetation, provides a perfect setting for barchan formation.
Distinguish between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats in terms of their physical features and geographical placement.
Features | Western Ghats | Eastern Ghats |
---|---|---|
Geographical Placement | Run parallel to the western coast of India. | Run parallel to the eastern coast of India. |
Continuity | Continuous and can be crossed through passes only. | Discontinuous and irregular, dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. |
Average Elevation | Higher, with an average elevation of 900 to 1600 metres. | Lower, with an average elevation of about 600 metres. |
Highest Peaks | Includes some of the highest peaks of peninsular India, like Anai Mudi (2695 metres). | Peaks are generally lower, Mahendragiri (1501 metres) being the highest. |
Influence on Climate | Cause orographic rain by intercepting the moist monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. | Relatively less influence on climate, due to their lower height and dissection by rivers. |
Vegetation | Lush green vegetation with dense forests, largely due to high rainfall. | Dry and sparse vegetation due to less rainfall. |
Geological Composition | Mostly composed of hard, crystalline rocks. | Composed of sedimentary rocks like sandstone and limestone. |
What makes the Malabar Coast different from the Konkan Coast?
Feature | Konkan Coast | Malabar Coast |
---|---|---|
Location | Extends from Mumbai to Goa. | Extends from Kerala to Kanyakumari. |
Geography | Narrow and rocky with uneven relief. | Relatively broader and characterized by its flat terrain with occasional hills. |
Climate | Tropical wet and dry, influenced by the monsoons. | Tropical monsoon with significant rainfall during the monsoon season. |
River Systems | Characterized by shorter and swift rivers. | Dominated by longer and more sedate rivers like the Periyar and Bharathappuzha. |
Cultural Influence | Strong Portuguese influence due to historical colonization. | Strong influence of ancient trade cultures, including Arab and later European (especially Portuguese and British). |
Economic Activities | Major activities include fishing, ship building, and industries around major cities like Mumbai and Goa. | Known for spice cultivation, traditional industries like coir, and significant fishing and tourism. |
Vegetation | Less dense due to urbanization and industrial activities. | Lush green, with dense coconut groves along the coast. |
Name a major feature of the eastern coastal plains and describe its significance.
A major feature of the eastern coastal plains is the Chilika Lake, which is the largest saltwater lake in India, located in the state of Odisha, south of the Mahanadi delta. This lake is significant for multiple reasons. It is an important habitat for a variety of wildlife, including many migratory birds, making it a crucial area for biodiversity conservation. Additionally, Chilika Lake supports a rich fishery industry that is vital for the local economy. The lake has also become a popular tourist destination, offering opportunities for boating and bird watching, which helps in promoting eco-tourism in the region.
What are the two major groups of islands associated with India, and how do they differ geographically?
India has two major groups of islands: the Lakshadweep Islands and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Lakshadweep Islands are located near the Malabar Coast of Kerala, comprising small coral islands. They cover a small area and have a diverse flora and fauna; Kavaratti serves as the administrative hub. On the other hand, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are an elongated chain in the Bay of Bengal. They are larger, more numerous, and have significant strategic importance. These islands have a thick forest cover and experience an equatorial climate, contrasting with the small, coral nature of the Lakshadweep Islands.
Describe the significance of the Lakshadweep Islands.
The Lakshadweep Islands hold significant ecological and strategic value. Composed of small coral islands, they boast a rich diversity of flora and fauna. They play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation, with uninhabited islands like Pitti having bird sanctuaries. Economically, they contribute through tourism and fishing, leveraging their picturesque landscapes and rich marine life. Strategically, their location off the southwestern coast of India enhances the nation's maritime boundary security.
What is the location of India’s only active volcano?
India's only active volcano is found on Barren Island, which is part of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. This island is situated in the Bay of Bengal and is a prominent geological feature due to its active volcanic status. Barren Island is relatively isolated and can be accessed mainly by ship, making it less frequented by casual visitors. The volcano on the island has erupted multiple times in recent history, with notable eruptions observed since it first erupted in 1787. The most recent eruptions occurred in the 21st century, affirming its status as an active volcano.
Explain the importance of the Himalayas for India's climate and water resources.
The Himalayas play a crucial role in shaping India's climate and water resources. Acting as a natural barrier, they block cold winds from the north, keeping the subcontinent warmer than comparable temperate regions in the world. The Himalayas also cause orographic rainfall as they trap moist monsoon winds, causing them to rise and precipitate, largely defining the monsoon pattern in India. This rainfall supports agriculture across the northern plains. Moreover, they are the source of major rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, forming a vital river system that sustains the water supply for a vast population.
What economic activities are predominant in the Northern Plains of India?
The Northern Plains of India are predominantly engaged in agriculture due to the fertile alluvial soil and an ample water supply from numerous rivers and their tributaries. This region is often referred to as the "granary of India", supporting extensive cultivation of major crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, and pulses. Additionally, the plains have a well-developed network of canals for irrigation, which enhances their agricultural productivity. Dairy farming also plays a significant role in the economy of the Northern Plains. The availability of flat land and favorable climate conditions further facilitate transportation and trade, making this region economically vibrant.
How do the Peninsular Plateau's natural resources impact India's economy?
The Peninsular Plateau is significant to India's economy primarily due to its rich mineral resources. It contains major reserves of coal, iron ore, manganese, and mica, which are pivotal for the country's industrial sector. Particularly, the plateau's regions like the Chotanagpur Plateau are crucial for the steel industry, supporting major plants and thereby driving industrial growth. Additionally, the plateau's varied landscape supports agriculture, especially the cultivation of cotton and oilseeds, contributing to the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the rich forests provide timber and other forest products, enhancing the forest industry. Thus, the plateau's resources are integral to India's economic structure, fostering industrial and agricultural development.
These roads link important cities, like capitals of states and ports. They are well-planned and wide roads. Generally, they can have two lanes, four lanes, and even six lanes. Which of the following is being referred to here?
A State Highways
B District Roads
C Multipurpose Roads
D National Highways
The roads described in the question are well-planned and wide, and they link important cities, including capitals of states and ports. Additionally, these roads can vary in size, featuring two, four, or even six lanes.
Among the options presented, National Highways best fit this description:
National highways connect major cities, capitals, and economic hubs across the country.
They are known for having multiple lanes to facilitate heavy traffic and are crucial for national connectivity.
Management of these highways falls under the central government or the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
Therefore, the correct answer is: D) National Highways
How wide is the Himalayan range in Arunachal Pradesh?
A) $200 \mathrm{~km}$
B) $50 \mathrm{~km}$
C) $150 \mathrm{~km}$
D) $300 \mathrm{~km}$
The width of the Himalayan range varies across its span. In Arunachal Pradesh, which is situated on the eastern side of the range, the width is approximately $150 , \text{km}$. This is in contrast to the western side, in Kashmir, where the width exceeds 400 kilometers.
Hence, the correct answer is:
C) $150 \mathrm{~km}$
Peak 'X' belongs to the Greater Himalayas. It is situated in India. It is the second highest peak in the world with an altitude of 8,598 m above sea level.
Identify Peak 'X' from the following options:
A) Kanchenjunga
B) Dhaulagiri
C) Namcha Barwa
D) Mount Everest
Peak 'X' is identified as Kanchenjunga based on the given information.
Kanchenjunga is the third highest peak in the world, not the second as mentioned in the question. However, Mt. Everest, which is the highest, is not in India.
It boasts an altitude of $8,586 \, \text{m}$ above sea level and lies within the Greater Himalayas.
The peak is primarily located in India, near its border with Nepal.
Therefore, the answer is: A) Kanchenjunga
I am the Head of the State in my country. I perform functions of a formal and ceremonial nature. I am the 126th monarch of the nation, according to traditional genealogy.
Which of these nations am I from?
A Japan
B Austria
C France
D Pakistan
The head of state in Austria, France, and Pakistan is the President, which suggests a presidential or parliamentary form of government. However, Japan operates as a Constitutional Monarchy.
In Japan, the current emperor, Emperor Naruhito, ascended to the throne on May 1, 2019. His position is largely ceremonial, serving as 'the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People,' according to the Japanese Constitution. This description matches the figure being the 126th monarch, indicating the answer is:
A) Japan
When hot and molten magma from the mantle rises up and reaches the crust layer but fails to reach the surface, it cools down and solidifies within the crust. What type of rocks are these?
A) Sedimentary rocks
B) Intrusive igneous rocks
C) Extrusive igneous rocks
D) Metamorphic rocks
The correct answer is B) Intrusive igneous rocks. When the molten magma from the mantle cools and solidifies without reaching the earth's surface, it forms intrusive igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are primarily classified as either intrusive (or plutonic) or extrusive (or volcanic) based on their formation location relative to the earth's surface.
Which of the following is not a depositional landform created by winds?
A Loess
B Ripple marks
C Sand dunes
D Mushroom rocks
The correct option is D) Mushroom rocks. Mushroom rocks are formed through the process of erosion by wind, not deposition. In contrast, depositional landforms created by winds include:
Loess: fine, silt-sized particles that are deposited by wind.
Ripple marks: small ridges formed on the surface of sand due to the action of wind.
Sand dunes: large masses of loose sand accumulated by aeolian processes, varying in shape such as barchans, transverse, and longitudinal dunes.
Thus, among the options given, mushroom rocks stand out as they are shaped by erosion, not deposition.
Which region of India recently experienced volcanic activity?
A) Himalayas
B) Central Highlands
C) Deccan Traps
D) Barren Islands
The correct answer is D) Barren Islands.
The Barren Islands, which are part of the Andaman Islands, experienced a volcanic eruption as recently as 2017. It's important to note that while the Deccan Traps region has also witnessed volcanic activity historically, it is not considered 'recent' compared to the activity on Barren Islands.
Write a note on Lava Plateau.
Lava plateaus are geological formations that result from numerous successive eruptions of lava through vents and fissures on Earth’s surface. As this lava flows, it eventually cools and solidifies, which contributes to the formation of an elevated region of land.
Example: The Deccan Plateau in India is a well-known lava plateau.
Which of the following are the right-bank tributaries of the river Indus?
Zaskar
Shyok
Gilgit
Choose the correct answer using the code given below.
A) Only 1 and 2
B) Only 3
C) Only 2 and 3
D) All of the above
The correct answer is Option C: Only 2 and 3
Among the listed tributaries, the Shyok and Gilgit rivers are right-bank tributaries of the Indus River. On the other hand, the Zaskar River is a left-bank tributary of the Indus.
Thus, options 2 and 3 are correct, aligning with Option C.
Which of the following has the least salinity?
A. Arabian Sea
B. Baltic Sea
C. Red Sea
D. Mediterranean Sea
The correct option is B: Baltic Sea
Explanation:
The Baltic Sea is known for having significantly lower salinity compared to other seas listed. This is because it receives a large amount of freshwater runoff from the land around it, and it is relatively shallow. Salinity levels decrease progressively moving north and east within the sea. In the northernmost parts, such as the Gulf of Bothnia, the water is almost devoid of salt, supporting many freshwater species. The presence of a salinity gradient as well as a temperature gradient restricts many marine species to specific areas of the Baltic Sea.
From which latitude onwards does the mainland of India begin to taper towards the south?
(A) $23^{\circ} 30^{\prime} \mathrm{N}$
B $22^{\circ} \mathrm{N}$ (c) $68^{\circ} 7^{\prime} \mathrm{E}$
D $60^{\circ} \mathrm{N}$
The correct option is B $22^\circ \mathrm{N}$.
India is bordered by mountains in the northwest, north, and northeast. Below approximately $22^\circ$ north latitude, the mainland of India starts to taper and extends toward the Indian Ocean. This tapering divides the ocean into two seas: the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.
Which ocean has the shape of the letter 'S', from the English alphabet?
A Arctic Ocean
B Indian Ocean
C Atlantic Ocean
D Pacific Ocean
The correct answer is C) Atlantic Ocean.
The Atlantic Ocean is recognized as the second-largest ocean on the planet. It distinctly resembles the shape of the letter 'S', bordered by the North and South Americas on the west, and Europe and Africa on the east.
The lie(s) between the Amazon River and the Orinoco River.
A) Patagonian Plateau
B) Guiana Highlands
C) Brazilian Highlands
D) Lake Titicaca
The correct answer is B) Guiana Highlands.
The Guiana Highlands are strategically situated between the Amazon River and the Orinoco River. This region is renowned for its dense forests. Additionally, it is home to the world's highest waterfall, Angel Falls, which cascades from a height of 979 meters.
The term 'IndARC', often seen in the news, is the name of (CSP-2015)
A) an indigenously developed radar system inducted into Indian Defence
B) India's satellite to provide services to the countries of Indian Ocean Rim
C) A scientific establishment set up by India in Antarctic region
D) India's underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region
The correct answer is D) India's underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region.
Explanation:
IndARC is India's first underwater moored observatory located in the Kongsfjorden fjord, situated halfway between Norway and the North Pole. This represents a significant achievement in India's scientific exploration and study of the Arctic region. IndARC plays a crucial role in analyzing environmental changes and their impacts on climate patterns globally.
Which of the following is not a major port in India?
A Mumbai
B Visakhapatnam
C Chennai
D Delhi
The correct answer is D) Delhi.
Delhi is not classified as a major port because it lacks significant water bodies suitable for port activities. In contrast, the other options, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, and Chennai, are well-known major ports in India due to their coastal locations and extensive maritime facilities.
Which of the following is/are parts of the ocean floor?
A. Continental Shelf
B. Continental Slope
C. Deep sea plain
D. Deep sea plateau
The parts of the ocean floor listed in the question can be identified as follows:
A. Continental Shelf
B. Continental Slope
C. Deep sea plain
This is because the primary divisions of the ocean floor comprise of the Continental Shelf, the Continental Slope, the Continental Rise, the Deep Sea Plain, and the Oceanic Deeps. Thus, options A, B, and C are correct.
Which island group of India lies to the southeast of the Indian mainland?
A Maldives
B Aminidivi Islands
C Andaman and Nicobar
D Lakshadweep Islands
The correct answer is C) Andaman and Nicobar.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located to the southeast of the Indian mainland, near the Bay of Bengal.
Which of the following states does not share a border with Karnataka?
A) Goa
B) Telangana
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Kerala
The correct answer is C) Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh does not share a border with Karnataka, whereas Goa, Telangana, and Kerala each have a boundary with Karnataka.
Northeast winds pick up moisture while crossing over the Bay of Bengal and cause rainfall in __________ region.
A) Tamil Nadu
B) Andhra Pradesh
C) Punjab
D) Delhi
The correct answer is A) Tamil Nadu.
Northeast winds pick up moisture as they cross over the Bay of Bengal and lead to rainfall in the region of Tamil Nadu. Additionally, this phenomenon also results in rainfall in parts of northwestern India.
What are the unique features of southern India?
A) All southern state languages originated from the same family of languages.
B) All southern state languages originated from different families of languages.
C) All southern states have mountainous regions.
D) All southern states have coastal regions.
The correct answers are:
A) All southern state languages originated from the same family of languages.
D) All southern states have coastal regions.
Explanation:
Southern India is distinctive for several reasons. Firstly, the states in this region all belong to the Dravidian language family, indicating that while the languages differ, their origins are similar. Secondly, since these states are part of the Indian peninsula, they each have access to expansive coastal regions, contributing to their geographic and economic significance.
Through which of the following states does the central meridian of India pass?
A) Chhattisgarh
B) Tripura
C) Jharkhand
D) Madhya Pradesh
The correct answers are A) Chhattisgarh and D) Madhya Pradesh.
The Indian Standard Meridian (82.5° E) passes through five Indian states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh. On the other hand, the Tropic of Cancer traverses through eight states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Millions of years ago, India as we know it was not a part of Asia as it is today. The world was a large single landmass called Pangea. Eventually, this landmass broke and formed two super landmasses. Which are those two super landmasses?
A) Panthalasa
B) Gondwana
C) Laurasia
D) Eurasia
The correct answers are:
B) Gondwana
C) Laurasia
Millions of years ago, India was not part of Asia as it is today. Instead, the world comprised a vast single landmass known as Pangea. This landmass eventually fractured into two significant super landmasses called Gondwana and Laurasia. The Indian subcontinent was part of Gondwana, which was located in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the Earth's internal forces, Gondwana further fragmented. The Indo-Australian plate, part of this division, drifted northwards, eventually colliding with the Eurasian plate.
Consider the following pairs of islands or territories with their geographical regions:
Farkhor: Gulf of Oman
Assumption Island: Seychelles
Kachhativu: Palk Bay
Havelock Island: Andaman and Nicobar
Select the correct pairs using the codes given below.
Only 1 and 2
Only 3 and 4
Only 2, 3, and 4
All of the above
The correct option is C) Only 2, 3, and 4.
Farkhor: It is a significant location, but it's fundamentally a military air base operated by the Indian Air Force, located near Farkhor town in Tajikistan, not near the Gulf of Oman. Thus, pair 1 is incorrect.
Assumption Island: Correctly paired, it is indeed part of the Seychelles, situated north of Madagascar in the Outer Islands group.
Havelock Island: This is also correctly paired. It is a well-known island within the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India.
Kachhativu: This is located in the Palk Bay and is correctly identified. It is a disputed island between India and Sri Lanka, noted for its geopolitical relevance.
Therefore, pairs 2, 3, and 4 are the correct associations as per their geographical regions.
Most of the volcanoes across the world are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. So why is it that there is no volcanism in the Himalayas?
Solution:
The Himalayan mountain range and the Tibetan plateau have formed due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate which began around 50 million years ago.
No Volcanism in the Himalayas:
The collision between these two plates is a plate-to-plate or continent-continent collision. The key characteristic here is that both plates are made up of continental lithosphere, which has a fairly uniform density, typically around $$2.7 \text{ g/cm}^3$$ as opposed to oceanic crust which averages $$3.3 \text{ g/cm}^3$$ in density.
In such collisions, neither of the continental plates can readily subduct or go beneath the other due to their similar low densities (like wood floating on water). This difference in function as compared to oceanic-continental collisions (where subduction and associated volcanic activities occur) means that there is no deep subduction, and consequently, no volcanism.
Convergent Plate Boundaries and Magmatism:
Generally, at convergent boundaries, two scenarios might take place:
Subduction happens where one plate (typically the denser, oceanic plate) sinks under the other (continental or lighter oceanic plate), leading to volcano formation. As the oceanic plate subducts, it melts due to the high temperatures in the mantle (asthenosphere), creating magma. This magma can rise through the overriding plate to form volcanoes.
Obduction occurs when two continental plates collide, pushing against each other and creating massive mountain ranges instead of volcanic activity due to the lack of significant plate subduction.
The phenomenon described for the Himalayas matches the second scenario, where no significant subduction of either plate occurs, resulting in mountain formation but no volcanism.
The average height of the hills in the '$X$' is around 900-1600 m. The height of the peaks in this region gradually increases from North to South, where some of the highest peaks of the '$X$' are found. The moisture-laden monsoon winds, coming from the southwest direction, strike the '$X$' and cause heavy rainfall to the western portion of this region. Select an option that best fits the description of '$X$' provided above.
A) Bay of Bengal
B) Eastern Coast
C) Northern Plains
D) Western Ghats
The correct answer is D) Western Ghats.
The Western Ghats is a significant mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of India. This range features numerous mountain passes such as Tal Ghat, Pal Ghat, and Bhor Ghat, which facilitate crossing the range. The average height of the hills in this range varies between 900 m and 1600 m. The highest peaks include Anamudi in Kerala, which rises to 2695 m, and Doddabetta Peak in Tamil Nadu, with a height of 2637 m.
The primary reason the Western Ghats fit the description provided is due to the orographic rainfall phenomenon. The southwest monsoon winds, carrying moisture, strike these mountains, causing heavy rainfall predominantly on the western side, contrasting with the relatively dry conditions on the eastern side. Thus, the Western Ghats are the best match for the characteristics described in the question.
Indian rock belongs to different geologic periods, thus the geology of India is very diverse. In this context, write a note on the major rock systems of India and their economic significance.
Introduction
The geology of India is remarkably diverse, with rock formations spanning from the ancient Archean period to the recent Quaternary period. These formations have not only sculpted the country's geological structure but also significantly influence its economy.
Major Rock Systems of India and Their Economic Significance
Archean Rocks
Age and Constituents: Archean rocks, also known as Pre-Cambrian rocks, form the oldest part of the earth’s crust, making up about 86.7% of the earth's geological history. These rocks are commonly referred to as Purana Rocks in India.
Location: They are mainly found in the Aravallis mountains, two-thirds of the Deccan peninsula, and some areas of the northeast.
Economic Significance: Rich in metallic and non-metallic minerals like iron, copper, manganese, bauxite, lead, zinc, gold, and silver. Also, minerals like mica, asbestos, and graphite are prevalent.
Dharwar System
Age and Constituents: Dating between 2500 million years ago to 1800 million years ago, these are the first significant metamorphic sedimentary rocks in India.
Location: Initially studied in the Dharwar region of Karnataka, but also found in the Aravallis, Tamil Nadu, and parts of the Himalayas.
Economic Significance: Abundant in iron ore, manganese, and precious metals like lead, zinc, gold, and silver.
Cuddapah System
Formation: Resulted from the erosion and sedimentation of Dharwar system rocks.
Location: Named after the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh; spreads in a semi-circular expansion and found also in Rajasthan.
Economic Significance: Known for sandstone, limestone, marble, and asbestos.
Vindhyan System
Formation and Type: Formed from the sedimentation in river valleys and shallow seas; these are sedimentary rocks.
Location: Extends across the Vindhya range, including places like the Malwa plateau and Bundelkhand.
Economic Significance: Utilized for building materials such as the red sandstone used in landmarks like Sanchi Stupa, and the Jama Masjid. Also, sources of limestone, china clay, dolomite, and notable for the diamond mines in Golconda and Panna.
Gondwana System
Formation and Period: Originating from the Gond region in Madhya Pradesh, formed between the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods.
Location: Spread across river valleys like Damodar, Son, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Wardha.
Economic Significance: Holds 98% of India's coal, crucial for the country's energy sector.
Deccan Trap
Formation and Period: Resulted from volcanic activities in the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era.
Constituents and Location: Composed of basalt and dolerite, found across Maharashtra and parts of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
Economic Significance: The weathering of these rocks has created rich black soil, ideal for agriculture.
Conclusion
From the ancient Archean rocks to the agriculturally vital Deccan Trap, India's geological diversity is closely interlinked with its economic activities, driving everything from mining industries to agriculture. This interplay of geology and economy is a cornerstone in understanding India's development over geological eras.
How many years has the Peninsular plateau of India survived?
A) 200 thousand years
B) 500 million years
C) 80 thousand years
D) 900 million years
The correct answer is B) 500 million years.
The Indian Peninsular Plateau has remained stable for approximately 500 million years, dating back to the Cambrian period. This plateau consists mainly of ancient crystalline, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, which have contributed to its longevity and stability over such a long period.
Which region of India is populated with abundant river delta systems?
A Himalayas
B Western Ghats
C Eastern coast
D Central highlands
Solution:
The correct option is C Eastern coast.
The Eastern coast of India is characterized by numerous river delta systems. Some of the prominent deltas found in this region are formed by rivers like the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri, which all drain into the Bay of Bengal. Additionally, this coast is home to Lake Chilika, further enriching its geographical diversity.
The Air Quality Index (AQI) values of 5 cities - Cochin, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai, and Delhi - are given. The AQI values are 95, 107, 172, 206, and 260, not necessarily in the same order. Also, a higher AQI value corresponds to a higher level of pollution. The cities are located in five different terrains of the country: the mountains, the forest, the coast, the desert, and in a valley.
Q. Where is Mumbai located?
5 शहरों - कोचीन, कोलकाता, बैंगलोर, मुंबई और दिल्ली - के वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक मूल्य दिए गए हैं। एआईक्यू मान 95, 107, 172, 206 और 260 हैं, पर यह जरूरी नहीं कि क्रम उपरोक्त ही हो। इसके अलावा, एक उच्च AQI मान प्रदूषण के उच्च स्तर से मेल खाता है। शहर देश के पांच अलग-अलग इलाकों में स्थित हैं: पहाड़, जंगल, तट, रेगिस्तान और घाटी में हैं।
Q. मुंबई कहाँ स्थित है?
A Mountains पर्वत
B Coast तट
C Valley घाटी
D Cannot be determined निर्धारित नहीं किया जा सकता है
The correct answer is D.
Cannot be determined
Given the limited information about direct correlations between specific AQI values and the locations (terrains) of each city, we can't conclusively determine where Mumbai is located.
Below is the solution breakdown based on the information provided:
AQI Value | Possible Terrain(s) | City |
---|---|---|
260 | Forest | Cochin |
206 | Valley / Coast | Mumbai |
172 | Mountain | Bangalore |
107 | Coast / Valley | Kolkata |
95 | Desert | Delhi |
From this table, we see that Mumbai could either be in the Valley or on the Coast, leading to an indeterminate conclusion regarding its exact location based on the AQI data alone.
Match the following with their present-day locations:
Option 1) Coimbatore
Option 2) Trichy
Option 3) Madurai
Pandya Nadu included regions that are now part of the present-day districts of:
Madurai
Thoothukudi
Tirunelveli
Chera Nadu encompassed areas that correspond to the present-day districts of:
Coimbatore
Karur
Kanniyakumari
Various parts of Kerala
Chola Nadu covered regions that are currently the present-day districts of:
Thanjavur
Trichy
Pudukottai
Matching present-day locations:
Coimbatore - Chera Nadu
Trichy - Chola Nadu
Madurai - Pandya Nadu
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