Psychological Disorders - Class 12 Psychology - Chapter 4 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Psychological Disorders | NCERT | Psychology | Class 12
Which of the following is/are the harmful effect(s) of addiction?
A) Altered behavior
B) Social phobia
C) Loss of appetite
D) All of the above
The correct answer is D) All of the above.
Addiction can lead to several harmful effects including loss of appetite, altered behavior, and social phobia. These symptoms affect both personal health and social interactions, often leading to neglected personal and professional relationships. Hence, all the options, A, B, and C, are correct and indicate harmful effects of addiction.
Both Mendelian and chromosomal disorders are types of $\qquad$ disorders.
A) Genetic
B) Mental
C) Sex-linked
D) Bipolar
The correct option is A) Genetic
Mendelian disorders are primarily caused by mutations in a single gene and adhere to Mendelian inheritance principles. Being related to gene alterations, Mendelian disorders are classified as genetic disorders.
Chromosomal disorders, conversely, arise from changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Considering that genes reside on chromosomes, alterations in chromosomes impact gene configuration and function. Consequently, chromosomal disorders are also categorized under genetic disorders.
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Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Psychological Disorders | NCERT | Psychology | Class 12
Identify the symptoms associated with depression and mania.
Symptoms Associated with Depression
Major depressive disorder is characterized by:
Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day.
Loss of interest or pleasure in all or most activities.
Significant weight loss or gain, or decrease or increase in appetite.
Insomnia or sleeping too much.
Psychomotor agitation or retardation (the individual may be physically restless or physically slowed down).
Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day.
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.
Decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness.
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.
Symptoms Associated with Mania
Bipolar I disorder involves episodes of mania and typically, though not always, episodes of depression. Manic episodes are characterized by:
A long period of feeling "high", or an overly happy or outgoing mood.
Extremely irritable mood, agitation, feeling "jumpy" or "wired".
Talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another, having racing thoughts.
Being easily distracted, inability to concentrate well.
Increase in goal-directed activities (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or physical restlessness.
Decreased need for sleep without feeling tired.
Overconfidence in one's abilities; unrealistic belief in one's ability to accomplish goals.
Reckless behavior such as spending sprees, impulsive business investments, or erratic driving.
These symptoms for both depressive and manic phases are part of bipolar disorder, causing significant impairment in daily living and can lead to damaging consequences if untreated.
Describe the characteristics of children with hyperactivity.
Children with hyperactivity, as described under the scope of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), exhibit several distinctive characteristics:
Constant Motion: They seem to be always on the go or "driven by a motor". This hyperactivity makes it challenging for them to remain seated or calm, particularly in situations where quiet behavior is expected.
Incessant Activity: These children may frequently fidget, squirm, run around the room aimlessly, climb excessively, and have difficulty engaging in quiet activities.
Struggles with Impulsivity: Hyperactive children often act without thinking about the consequences, showing behaviors such as blurting out answers, having difficulty waiting their turn, and interrupting others.
These features significantly impact their ability to function effectively in social, academic, and home settings.
What are the consequences of alcohol substance addiction?
The consequences of alcohol substance addiction, as outlined in the provided chapter, are numerous and affect both the individual and society at large:
Interference with Social Behavior and Work: People who abuse alcohol may drink large amounts regularly, which can negatively impact their social interactions and work performance.
Dependence and Tolerance: Individuals may develop a tolerance to alcohol, requiring them to consume more to feel its effects. They may also experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking.
Physical and Mental Health Problems: Excessive drinking can lead to serious health issues. These include liver damage, cardiovascular problems, and neurological impairments. Alcoholism can also exacerbate or lead to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Impact on Families and Relationships: Alcoholism can destroy family dynamics, contributing to marital issues and affecting children. Children of alcoholics may have higher rates of psychological problems.
Risks of Accidents and Injuries: Intoxicated individuals may cause accidents (e.g., car accidents), which pose significant risks to both themselves and others.
Social Stigma and Isolation: Individuals suffering from alcohol addiction may face stigma and social isolation, which can further complicate their ability to seek help and recover.
These impacts highlight the complex and pervasive nature of alcohol addiction on both an individual and societal level.
Can a distorted body image lead to eating disorders? Classify the various forms of it.
Yes, a distorted body image can indeed lead to eating disorders. This is particularly evident in the disorder known as anorexia nervosa, where the individual has a distorted body image that leads them to see themselves as overweight, often leading to extreme dietary restriction and excessive weight loss.
Classification of Eating Disorders Include:
Anorexia Nervosa:
Individuals see themselves as overweight even when they are dangerously thin.
Common behaviors include refusing to eat, exercising excessively, and developing unusual habits such as refusing to eat in front of others.
Bulimia Nervosa:
Characterized by periods of binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain.
Purging methods might include vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise.
Binge Eating Disorder:
Frequently involves episodes of out-of-control eating.
Unlike bulimia, binge eating episodes are not followed by purging, excessive exercise, or fasting. Therefore, individuals may be overweight or obese.
"Physicians make diagnosis looking at a person's physical symptoms". How are psychological disorders diagnosed?
Psychological disorders are diagnosed based on symptoms described by the individual, observations made by psychologists or psychiatrists, and often using standardized diagnostic tools. According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) by the World Health Organization (WHO), these manuals provide specific clinical criteria for diagnosing psychological disorders.
These criteria include:
Detailed descriptions of symptoms required for the diagnosis
Guidelines and rules to distinguish one disorder from another
The extent and duration of symptoms for the diagnosis to apply
Physicians use these criteria along with assessment techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, and possibly psychological testing to determine whether a person meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder. This diagnosis process is often done in a clinical setting and takes both self-reported experiences and observed behavior into account.
This uses a biopsychosocial model approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors all playing significant roles in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. Unlike medical conditions that are often based on physical manifestations and medical tests, psychological disorders require this integrated approach for diagnosis.
Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessions and compulsions are both key components of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, but they differ in their nature and manifestation:
Obsessions: These are repetitive, unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. Individuals with obsessions might find these thoughts to be unpleasant and shameful. These are experienced as thoughts that are stubbornly persistent and often irrational, and the person struggling with them recognizes that they are a product of their own mind.
Compulsions: These are behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviors, such as washing, checking, or counting, are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or a dreaded event or situation. However, these compulsions are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent, or they are clearly excessive.
In essence, obsessions are intrusive thoughts that cause unease, apprehension, or distress, whereas compulsions are actions meant to mitigate the anxiety caused by these obsessions. Most individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) recognize that their compulsions are only a temporary solution but still feel emotionally compelled to perform them.
Can a long-standing pattern of deviant behaviour be considered abnormal? Elaborate.
Yes, a long-standing pattern of deviant behavior can be considered abnormal under certain conditions. Deviance is one of the four key criteria often used to define abnormal behavior, commonly referred to as the "four Ds": deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.
Elaboration:
Deviance:
Abnormal behavior is typically labeled as deviant when it differs significantly from what is accepted as normal by society. This involves behaviors that are considered extreme, unusual, or bizarre within the cultural context.
Social Norms and Cultural Contexts:
Deviant behavior is determined in relation to societal norms which emerge from a culture’s values, history, and traditions. What might be considered deviant in one society might not be in another due to different cultural expectations.
Impact of Deviance:
While deviance alone doesn’t always categorize a behavior as abnormal, it's the combination with distress, dysfunction, and sometimes danger that solidifies its status as part of a psychological disorder.
It must also interfere with the person's ability to function effectively in daily life, referred to as dysfunction, and it may cause significant distress either to the person displaying the behavior or to those around them.
Consideration of Duration and Consistency:
A long-standing pattern of deviant behavior often implies that it is consistent and pervasive, which may suggest deeper psychological issues or a chronic condition, further supporting its classification as abnormal.
Abnormality as Maladaptiveness:
Many psychologists view abnormalities primarily in terms of maladaptiveness. A behavior is seen as abnormal if it adversely affects the well-being of the individual or impedes their growth and development.
In summary, a long-standing pattern of deviant behavior can be considered abnormal when it notably diverges from societal expectations, is persistent, and leads to distress or dysfunction in the individual’s life, satisfying the broader definitions and criteria used within abnormal psychology. This interpretation aligns well with understanding abnormal behavior as both a deviation from societal norms and as maladaptive behavior, emphasizing the holistic impact on the individual's functioning and well-being.
While speaking in public the patient changes topics frequently, is this a positive or a negative symptom of schizophrenia? Describe the other symptoms of schizophrenia.
The behavior of frequently changing topics while speaking, which can make communication very difficult, is classified as a positive symptom of schizophrenia, specifically known as formal thought disorder. This kind of disorganized thinking and speech includes rapidly shifting from one topic to another (loosening of associations or derailment), creating new words or phrases (neologisms), and persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts (perseveration).
Other Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia symptoms are broadly categorized into three groups: positive, negative, and psychomotor symptoms.
1. Positive Symptoms:
Delusions: False beliefs that are not based in reality and remain despite evidence to the contrary.
Hallucinations: Sensory experiences without external stimuli, most commonly auditory, but can also include visual, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile hallucinations.
Disorganized Thinking and Speech: Includes loosening of associations, neologisms, and perseveration.
Inappropriate Affect: Emotional responses that are out of context or misaligned with the situation.
2. Negative Symptoms:
Alogia (Poverty of Speech): Minimal speech regardless of the amount of communication.
Blunted Affect: Showing reduced or minimal emotional expressions.
Avolition: Lack of motivation or inability to initiate and complete tasks.
Social Withdrawal: Decreased interest in social interactions and activities.
3. Psychomotor Symptoms:
Catatonia: Including stupor, rigidity, posturing, and agitation. These may manifest as decreased response to the environment, resistance to instructions, or maintaining a rigid posture.
Overall, schizophrenia is a complex condition with a spectrum of symptoms that can impact cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning.
What do you understand by the term 'dissociation'? Discuss its various forms.
Dissociation is defined as the severance of the connections between ideas and emotions. It typically involves feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalization, and sometimes a loss or shift of identity. This condition often results in sudden, temporary alterations of consciousness that block out painful experiences.
The various forms of dissociation include:
Dissociative Amnesia: Characterized by extensive but selective memory loss, which has no known organic cause. Individuals may forget crucial personal information or specific events.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder): This disorder involves the presence of two or more distinct personalities or identities within the same individual. These alternate identities may or may not be aware of each other and are often a response to traumatic experiences.
Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder: In this form of dissociation, individuals experience a dreamlike state where they feel detached from both themselves and reality. In depersonalization, there's a significant shift in self-perception and sense of reality, while derealization involves an alteration of the perception of the outside world, making it seem unreal.
These dissociative disorders reflect a significant disruption in the integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and perception of the environment.
What are phobias? If someone had an intense fear of snakes, could this simple phobia be a result of faulty learning? Analyse how this phobia could have developed.
Phobias are defined as irrational fears related to specific objects, interactions with others, or unfamiliar situations. These fears are intense and can be so overwhelming that they interfere significantly with the person's everyday life.
If someone has an intense fear of snakes, this condition could indeed result from faulty learning processes. Analyzing how this phobia could have developed involves looking into several psychological models, particularly the behavioural model:
1. Classical Conditioning
The fear of snakes might have developed through classical conditioning, where an initially neutral stimulus (snakes) is paired with a frightening experience. For instance, if a person was bitten by a snake or witnessed someone else being bitten, the snake (neutral stimulus) becomes associated with pain or fear (unconditioned stimulus), leading to a conditioned fear response (phobia).
2. Operant Conditioning
If a person receives positive reinforcement for avoiding snakes (e.g., praise from parents for staying away from snakes), they might continue avoiding them, reinforcing the fear. Additionally, the reduction of anxiety by avoiding snakes acts as negative reinforcement, further entrenching the fear.
3. Social Learning
Fear of snakes can also develop through observation or imitation. If a child observes a parent or a significant other who is afraid of snakes, they might learn to fear snakes as well, even without a direct negative experience.
4. Cognitive Factors
Someone may overestimate the danger posed by snakes and underestimate their ability to cope with an encounter, leading to heightened anxiety and avoidance behaviors typical of phobias.
In summary, phobias like a fear of snakes can be a result of faulty learning mechanisms including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning, supported by underlying cognitive distortions that amplify the fear response. These models provide a comprehensive explanation for how simple phobias develop and are maintained over time.
Anxiety has been called the "butterflies in the stomach feeling". At what stage does anxiety become a disorder? Discuss its types.
Anxiety becomes a disorder when it is experienced at high levels, becoming distressing and interfering with effective functioning. This condition is referred to as an anxiety disorder, representing the most common category of psychological disorders.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalised Anxiety Disorder:
Characterized by prolonged, vague, unexplained, and intense fears not attached to any particular object.
Symptoms include worry, apprehensive feelings about the future, hypervigilance, and motor tension.
Pain Disorder:
Features recurrent anxiety attacks with intense terror.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, dizziness, trembling, palpitations, a feeling of losing control or dying.
Specific Phobia:
Irrational fears related to specific objects, interactions with others, or unfamiliar situations.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia):
Intense and incapacitating fear and embarrassment when dealing with others.
Characterized by fear of negative evaluation by others.
Agoraphobia:
Fear of entering unfamiliar situations, often leading to avoidance of leaving one's home.
Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD):
Excessive fear and anxiety about separation from home or attachment figures to an extent that is developmentally inappropriate.
These disorders are further detailed in the provided chapter on "Major Psychological Disorders" under the section "Anxiety Disorders".
All of us have changes in mood or mood swings all day. Keep a small diary or notebook with you and jot down your emotional experiences over 3-4 days. As you go through the day (for instance, when you wake up, go to school/college, meet your friends, return home), you will observe that there are many highs and lows, ups and downs in your moods. Note down when you felt happy or unhappy, felt joy or sadness, felt anger, irritation and other commonly experienced emotions. Also note down the situations which elicited these various emotions. After collecting this information, you will have a better understanding of your own moods and how they fluctuate through the day.
This task offered by the psychology book involves self-monitoring of emotional experiences throughout the day to better understand how moods change and what triggers these changes. Here's a structured approach based on the instruction:
Prepare Your Tool: Get a small diary or notebook specifically for this exercise. Preferably, choose something portable.
Plan Your Entries: Decide on specific times or triggers throughout your day where you will pause to write down your emotions. This might be at routine intervals (e.g., every two hours), or during specific activities (e.g., waking up, before and after meals, during study hours, etc.).
Record Emotions and Triggers: Every time you make an entry, note down the specific emotion you feel at that moment (happiness, sadness, anger, etc.) and try to identify what might have triggered this emotion. This could include people, environments, thoughts, or specific events.
Be Consistent: Consistency is crucial. Ensure you record data for at least 3-4 days to gather enough information regarding your emotional patterns.
Review and Reflect: At the end of your recording period, review your entries to recognize any patterns or recurring triggers that affect your mood. Look for trends such as times of day you are happiest or situations that commonly cause stress or irritation.
Learn and Adapt: Use the insights gained from this reflection to improve your emotional well-being. This might mean planning your day to include more activities that make you happy or finding ways to manage or avoid times/situations that lead to negative emotions.
This exercise helps in fostering a deeper self-awareness regarding how various everyday aspects influence emotional states and offers groundwork in managing emotions better.
Studies have shown that current standards of physical attractiveness have contributed to eating disorders. Thinness is valued in fashion models, actors, and dancers. To study this, observe the people around you. Select at least 10 people (they may include your family, friends and other acquaintances), and rate them in terms of Large, Average and Thin. Then pick up any fashion or film magazine. Look at the pictures of models, winners of beauty competitions, and film stars. Write a paragraph or two describing the magazine's message to its readers about the normal or acceptable male or female body. Does this view match what you see as normal body types in the general population?
This question provided prompts you to conduct a practical observation and analysis concerning societal standards of physical attractiveness and their potential contribution to eating disorders. Here's how you can approach this study:
Steps to Conduct Your Observation:
Select Your Subjects:
Choose at least 10 people from your environment which could include family, friends, and acquaintances. Ensure a varied group to get a balanced perspective.
Rating the Body Types:
Systematically categorize each chosen person into one of three categories based on body type:
Large
Average
Thin
Make your judgement based on your general impression rather than any specific metric.
Magazine Analysis:
Pick any popular fashion or film magazine. Focus on images of models, beauty competition winners, and film stars.
Observe and note the body types predominantly displayed in the magazine.
Writing Your Analysis:
Describe the Message: Write a paragraph describing the implicit message the magazine sends about what constitutes a "normal" or "acceptable" body type.
Comparison and Contrast: Compare this with the body types you categorized in your real-life sample. Discuss any discrepancies or matches.
Reflect on Implications:
Reflect on whether the magazine’s portrayal of body types matches the general population’s diversity of body shapes. How might this influence the audience's perception of themselves and others?
Consider how this portrayal could contribute to the prevalence of eating disorders, given the emphasis on certain body types over others.
Points to Consider:
Recognize bias and subjectivity in your ratings and be as objective as possible.
Consider the cultural context - Different cultures might have varying ideals of beauty and attractiveness.
This observational study can provide personal insights into how societal norms and media influence perceptions of body image, and allows you to critically assess how these factors might contribute to complex health issues like eating disorders. Be aware that this is an informal and subjective assessment, and deeper scientific study would require more rigorous methods and larger sample sizes.
Make a list of movies, TV shows, or plays you have seen where a particular psychological disorder has been highlighted. Match the symptoms shown to the ones you have read. Prepare a report.
Movies, TV Shows, and Plays Highlighting Psychological Disorders
1. A Beautiful Mind (Schizophrenia)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Delusions of persecution and grandeur.
Hallucinations (visual and auditory).
Social withdrawal and odd behavior.
2. Silver Linings Playbook (Bipolar Disorder)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Mood swings between depression and mania.
Impulsive behavior and poor judgment.
Agitation and heightened energy.
3. Rain Man (Autism Spectrum Disorder)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Difficulty in social interactions.
Echolalia and repetitive behaviors.
Exceptional ability in specific areas (e.g., memorizing and calculating).
4. Fight Club (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Presence of two distinct personalities.
Memory loss for important personal information.
Engaging in behaviors without recollection.
5. Joker (Complex Mental Health Issues, possibly including Psychotic Disorders)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Delusions and hallucinations.
Inappropriate affect and laughter.
Social isolation and severe distress.
6. The Aviator (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)
Symptoms Highlighted:
Intense fear of germs and contamination.
Compulsive cleaning and avoidance behaviors.
Significant distress interfering with daily functioning.
Matching Symptoms with Psychological Disorders
Each of these films and shows portrays vivid and often accurate symptoms of psychological disorders, which can be matched with descriptions from clinical literature such as DSM-5 or ICD-10. This analysis allows viewers to understand the challenges faced by those experiencing these disorders and can enhance empathetic perspectives towards mental health issues.
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Comprehensive Class 12 Notes on Psychological Disorders: Key Concepts, Criteria, and Types
Understanding Psychological Disorders
Definition and Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour
Psychological disorders, often known as mental disorders, refer to patterns of behavioural or psychological symptoms impacting multiple areas of life. These disorders create distress for the person experiencing symptoms.
The four criteria used to identify abnormal behaviour are:
- Deviance: Diverging significantly from societal norms.
- Distress: Causing significant upset to the individual or others.
- Dysfunction: Interfering with daily functioning.
- Danger: Posing risk to self or others.
Factors Causing Abnormal Behaviour
Abnormal behaviour can arise from various factors, including biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences. These factors contribute to the onset, development, and maintenance of psychological disorders.
Classification and Models
Classification of Psychological Disorders
DSM-5 and ICD-10: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) provide comprehensive classifications of psychological disorders through the DSM-5 and ICD-10, respectively. These manuals group disorders into categories based on shared characteristics.
Models Explaining Abnormal Behaviour
Several models explain abnormal behaviour, each emphasising different aspects.
- Biological Model: Focuses on genetic and neurochemical explanations.
- Psychodynamic Model: Emphasises unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences.
- Behavioural Model: Considers learned behaviours as the root of abnormality.
- Cognitive Model: Highlights irrational and distorted thinking patterns.
- Humanistic-Existential Model: Stresses individual potential and self-actualisation.
- Socio-Cultural Model: Examines societal and cultural impacts on behaviours.
- Diathesis-Stress Model: Suggests predisposition triggered by stress leads to disorders.
Types of Psychological Disorders
Major Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are characterised by excessive fear and anxiety. Common types include:
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Persistent and excessive worry about numerous areas of life.
- Panic Disorder: Recurrent panic attacks featuring intense physical symptoms such as palpitations and dizziness.
- Phobias: Specific irrational fears of objects or situations (e.g., heights, animals).
- Separation Anxiety Disorder: Extreme distress upon separation from significant figures.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
These disorders involve obsessive thoughts and compulsive actions:
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Uncontrollable obsessions and compulsions.
- Hoarding Disorder: Persistent difficulty discarding possessions.
- Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder: Compulsive hair-pulling and skin-picking.
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Disorders caused by exposure to traumatic or stressful events:
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms include flashbacks and severe anxiety after a traumatic event.
- Acute Stress Disorder: Similar to PTSD but occurs immediately after the trauma.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Disorders characterised by physical symptoms with no medical cause:
- Somatic Symptom Disorder: Excessive concern about physical symptoms.
- Illness Anxiety Disorder: Persistent worry about developing a serious illness.
- Conversion Disorder: Neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis) with no physical explanation.
Dissociative Disorders
Involve disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness:
- Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall important personal information.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Presence of two or more distinct identities.
- Depersonalisation/Derealisation Disorder: Feeling detached from oneself or the environment.
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Mood disorders marked by emotional extremes:
- Major Depressive Disorder: Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
- Bipolar Disorder: Episodes of mania and depression.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Characterised by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, and behaviour:
-
Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
- Positive Symptoms: Hallucinations, delusions.
- Negative Symptoms: Emotional flatness, social withdrawal.
- Psychomotor Symptoms: Unusual movements, catatonia.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Manifest in early development and affect personal, social, and academic functioning:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impairments in social interaction and repetitive behaviours.
- Intellectual Disability: Below-average intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour.
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Involve problems with self-control of emotions and behaviours:
- Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Chronic disobedience and hostility.
- Conduct Disorder: Violation of societal norms and rights of others.
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Marked by abnormal eating habits:
- Anorexia Nervosa: Intense fear of gaining weight, leading to self-starvation.
- Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by purging.
- Binge Eating Disorder: Recurrent episodes of uncontrolled eating.
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Result from the abuse of drugs and other substances:
- Alcohol Use Disorder: Excessive drinking causing significant impairment.
- Heroin Use Disorder: Dependence on heroin leading to social and occupational dysfunction.
- Cocaine Use Disorder: Regular use resulting in short-term memory issues and social problems.
Conclusion and Key Concepts
Summary of Key Points
Understanding psychological disorders involves recognising the criteria for abnormal behaviour, the factors contributing to these conditions, and the various types and models explaining them. Comprehensive classification systems like the DSM-5 and ICD-10 provide structured approaches for diagnosing and understanding these complex issues.
Further Reading and Resources
For a deeper comprehension of psychological disorders, refer to textbooks and resources provided by authoritative psychological and psychiatric associations. Additionally, engaging in discussions and seeking professional guidance can enrich one's understanding.
Proper understanding of psychological disorders is critical for early detection and intervention, ultimately helping individuals lead healthier and more fulfilling lives.
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