Pastoralists in the Modern World - Class 9 Social Science - Chapter 5 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Nomadic herding is a type of ______ farming.
A. intensive subsistence B. primitive subsistence C. commercial D. All of the above
The correct answer is B. primitive subsistence.
Nomadic herding is classified as a form of primitive subsistence farming. Nomads are individuals who continuously move from one location to another. This migration, primarily aimed at finding more favorable environments for their livestock due to changes in climate or resource availability, is a defining feature of nomadic herding.
Match the following:
P. Bos Indicus | i. Reared for milk production |
Q. Bos Taurus | ii. Humped cattle |
R. Milch breed | iii. Reared for work |
S. Draught breed | iv. Reared for both milk and work |
T. General utility breed | v. Non-humped cattle |
A) $\mathrm{P} \Rightarrow$ iii., $\mathrm{Q} \Rightarrow$ ii., $\mathrm{R} \Rightarrow$ i., $\mathrm{S} \Rightarrow$ v., $\mathrm{T} \Rightarrow$ iv B) $\mathrm{P} \Rightarrow$ ii., $Q \Rightarrow$ v., $R \Rightarrow$ i., $S \Rightarrow$ iii., $T \Rightarrow$ iv C) $P \Rightarrow$ ii., $Q \Rightarrow$ iv., $R \Rightarrow$ i., $S \Rightarrow$ iii., $T \Rightarrow$ v D) $P \Rightarrow$ iv., $Q \Rightarrow$ v., $R \Rightarrow$ i., $S \Rightarrow$ iii., $T \Rightarrow$ ii
The correct answer is option B which matches as follows:
$\mathrm{P} \Rightarrow$ ii.
Bos Indicus is characterized by having a hump, typical in breeds from the Indian subcontinent.
$\mathrm{Q} \Rightarrow$ v.
Bos Taurus is recognized for being non-humped and predominantly originates from Europe and North America.
$\mathrm{R} \Rightarrow$ i.
Milch breed refers specifically to cattle bred primarily for milk production.
$\mathrm{S} \Rightarrow$ iii.
Draught breed encompasses those breeds raised specifically for labor or work purposes.
$\mathrm{T} \Rightarrow$ iv.
General utility breed describes cattle used both for milk production and as draught animals.
This selection reflects a clear understanding of the distinctive characteristics and purposes of these cattle breeds.
The world's highly prized wool yielding 'Pashmina' breed is:
A) Sheep
B) Goat
C) Goat-sheep cross
D) Kashmiri sheep-Afghan sheep cross
The correct answer is B) Goat.
Pashmina wool, known as the "Soft Gold" in Kashmiri, is derived from the Changthangi or Pashmina goat. These goats are primarily found in the high-altitude regions of Tibet, Nepal, and the Ladakh area in Jammu and Kashmir, India. This highly prized wool is renowned for its softness and warmth.
What geographic feature is associated with the term "Bugyal"?
A) Deserts of Rajasthan
B) Vast meadows in the high mountains
C) Plateaus of Maharashtra
D) Coastal areas of Karnataka
B) Vast meadows in the high mountains
The term "Bugyal" refers to vast meadows in the high mountains, as mentioned in the New Words section of the chapter.
Which of the following was NOT a reason the colonial government restricted pastoralists' movements in India?
A) To promote agricultural expansion
B) To control nomadic population
C) To increase industrial production
D) To protect commercially valuable forests
The correct answer is C) To increase industrial production.
The colonial government restricted pastoralists' movements in India primarily for the following reasons:
To promote agricultural expansion: By converting grazing lands into cultivated farms, which increased revenue from land taxes.
To control the nomadic population: Viewing nomadic lifestyles as difficult to monitor and control, leading to policies that enforced settlement.
To protect commercially valuable forests: Forest Acts were enacted to preserve forests for timber, restrict access, and regulate pastoral activities.
However, increasing industrial production was not a direct reason for restricting the movements of pastoralists mentioned in the provided chapter details.
In colonial Africa, what was a significant change that affected the lives of pastoralists like the Maasais?
A) Freedom to move across international boundaries
B) Loss of grazing land to game reserves
C) Increased rainfall improving pasture lands
D) Support for pastoral trades in white settlements
The significant change that affected the lives of pastoralists like the Maasais in colonial Africa was:
B) Loss of grazing land to game reserves
This loss was part of the broader expropriation and restriction of their traditional grazing lands, which were often converted for other uses such as white settlements and agricultural expansion, severely impacting their traditional way of life.
Which act classified many communities as 'Criminal Tribes' in colonial India?
A) Rowlatt Act
B) Forest Act
C) Criminal Tribes Act
D) Land Acquisition Act
C) Criminal Tribes Act
This act classified many communities of craftsmen, traders, and pastoralists as Criminal Tribes, assuming them to be criminal by nature and birth.
The 'Dhangars' are a pastoral community primarily from which Indian state?
A) Gujarat
B) Rajasthan
C) Maharashtra
D) Tamil Nadu
The 'Dhangars' are a pastoral community primarily from Maharashtra.
Correct answer: C) Maharashtra
True or False: The colonial laws and regulations encouraged pastoralists to diversify their incomes through trading.
- True
- False
False: The colonial laws and regulations did not encourage pastoralists to diversify their incomes through trading. Instead, these laws restricted their movements and severely limited their freedom to trade, forcing them to live within assigned territories and making trading activities more difficult.
True or False: Pastoralists in India were required to pay taxes on the lands they used for grazing before the British colonial era.
- True
- False
False
Pastoralists in India were not required to pay taxes on the lands they used for grazing before the British colonial era. The imposition of grazing tax and other forms of taxation on pastoral lands was introduced during the British colonial period to increase the revenue income of the colonial government. This changed under colonial rule as the government looked for every possible source of revenue, including taxing the pastoralists for grazing their animals.
True or False: The Serengeti National Park in Tanzania was originally a traditional grazing ground for the Maasai community.
- True
- False
True
True or False: Pastoralists in both India and Africa were not affected by the changes and restrictions imposed by the colonial governments.
- True
- False
False
Pastoralists in both India and Africa were significantly affected by the changes and restrictions imposed by the colonial governments. Their grazing grounds shrank, their movements were regulated, and they faced increased taxation and limited access to markets and traditional grazing lands.
Discuss how the roles and authorities of Maasai elders and warriors were affected by British colonial policies in East Africa.
British colonial policies significantly altered the traditional roles and authorities of Maasai elders and warriors in East Africa. Historically, Maasai society was divided into elders, who handled community affairs and disputes, and warriors tasked with protection and cattle raiding. The British introduced measures which disrupted these roles. They appointed chiefs, often disrupting traditional leadership hierarchies. These chiefs, sanctioned by colonial authorities, often accumulated wealth, distancing themselves from traditional roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, British policies curtailed raiding and warfare, diminishing the warriors' status and role within the community. As a result, the traditional power dynamics within Maasai society shifted, weakening the influence of both elders and warriors.
Explain the impact of the Forest Acts on the pastoral communities in British India.
The Forest Acts introduced by the British colonial government had a profound impact on the pastoral communities in India. These Acts classified forests into 'Reserved' or 'Protected', restricting access to pasturelands that were previously available to the pastoralists. This limited movement severely affected their traditional nomadic lifestyle, essential for grazing their cattle efficiently. By denying them entry to many forests and regulating their access in others, the Act led to overgrazing in limited areas, resulting in the degradation of pastures. Consequently, the quality and quantity of fodder declined, adversely impacting the health of livestock and thus, the economic and social well-being of the pastoral communities.
Describe how the boundaries and movement restrictions imposed by colonial governments in Africa impacted the trading activities of pastoralists like the Kaokoland herders.
The imposition of territorial boundaries and movement restrictions by colonial governments in Africa severely impacted the trading activities of pastoralists, including the Kaokoland herders. Traditionally, these pastoralists moved freely across regions, trading skin, meat, and other products in neighboring markets. However, the new system of restricted movements hindered their access to these markets. For instance, after channels of trade such as Ovamboland were closed off, the Kaokoland herders expressed deep distress, lamenting their inability to sell or access goods as before. The restrictions effectively imprisoned them within designated areas, severely curtailing their economic activities and contributing to economic and social hardship.
Evaluate the ecological arguments for and against pastoralism in dry and mountainous regions as discussed in the chapter.
Ecological arguments for pastoralism in dry and mountainous regions highlight that pastoralism is an adaptable livelihood that maximizes the sparse vegetation these regions offer, where conventional agriculture is hardly feasible. Pastoralists' movement patterns naturally allow for the regeneration of pastureland, helping maintain the ecological balance. Furthermore, pastoralists often possess a deep understanding of their environments, enabling them to manage the land and its resources sustainably.
However, there are ecological arguments against pastoralism, primarily focusing on overgrazing, which can lead to soil erosion and desertification if not managed correctly. Poorly controlled herds might denude fragile grasslands, impeding regrowth and reducing biodiversity. As ecological pressures increase, such as from climate change, these negative impacts can potentially escalate, demanding more controlled and thoughtful pastoral practices.
Analyze the social and economic consequences of the Colonial Tribes Act of 1871 on the nomadic and pastoral communities in colonial India.
The Colonial Tribes Act of 1871 severely disrupted the lives of nomadic and pastoral communities in colonial India. Economically, the Act restricted their mobility which was crucial for their livelihood, forcing them to confine to certain areas without the freedom to move in search of better pastures. This led to a decline in livestock health and productivity, curbing their primary source of income. Socially, the Act stigmatized these communities as inherently 'criminal', impacting their social standing and interactions with other communities. It led to constant surveillance and loss of autonomy, as they were required to live in settled locations and needed permits to move, which disrupted their traditional lifestyles and deprived them of their independence. This legislation not only disempowered them but also marginalized them further in colonial society.
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Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?
Nomadic tribes move from one place to another primarily due to the seasonal availability of resources like water and pasture for their livestock. This movement prevents the overuse of environmental resources in any single area.
Advantages to the environment include the prevention of overgrazing, which allows vegetation periods of recovery and regrowth. This rotational grazing also ensures the natural fertilization of soil through the dung and urine of animals. Moreover, this mobility helps maintain the balance of ecosystems by preventing one area from being excessively depleted, promoting biodiversity and the sustenance of various wildlife species dependent on those ecosystems for survival.
Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:
Waste Land rules
Forest Acts
Criminal Tribes Act
Grazing Tax
Waste Land Rules: The colonial government in India introduced the Waste Land Rules to expand cultivation and increase land revenue. These laws aimed to transform pastoral grazing lands into cultivated farms, which were viewed as "wastelands" by the officials. As a result, pastoralists lost their traditional grazing grounds, severely impacting their livelihood and forcing many to switch to cultivation or migrate to other regions.
Forest Acts: By enacting various Forest Acts, the government declared large tracts of forest as reserved or protected, restricting pastoralist access to these crucial grazing grounds. This led to a shortage of forage for their livestock and disrupted their traditional migratory cycles, adversely affecting their way of life and economic stability.
Criminal Tribes Act: This law was aimed at controlling nomadic communities by labeling them as inherently "criminal." It enforced settlements of tribal communities, restricting their mobility and traditional pastoral activities. This stigmatization and constraint on movement disenfranchised pastoralists culturally, socially, and economically.
Grazing Tax: Imposed to generate additional revenue, the Grazing Tax required pastoralists to pay a tax per head of cattle grazing on pastures. This increased the financial burden on pastoral communities, often leading to overgrazing in limited available spaces, deterioration of pasture quality, and a subsequent decline in livestock health and productivity.
Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.
The Maasai community lost their grazing lands due to several key factors. Firstly, during the late 19th century, European colonial powers, specifically the British and Germans, divided Maasailand by establishing an international boundary that significantly reduced their territory. This partitioning forced the Maasai into smaller, arid zones less conducive for grazing. Secondly, the best grazing lands were appropriated for white settlement, transforming vast stretches of Maasailand into farms and urban areas. Additionally, British colonial policies promoted the expansion of cultivation by local peasant communities, further converting traditional grazing lands into cultivated fields. Lastly, many traditional Maasai grazing areas were designated as wildlife reserves and national parks, like the Maasai Mara and Serengeti, which restricted their access and use, severely impacting their pastoral lifestyle.
There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Loss of Grazing Land: Both Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders in East Africa suffered from the severe reduction of their grazing lands due to colonial expansion and policies. In India, lands were taken over for cultivation, and in Maasailand, the best grazing areas were allocated to white settlers and turned into reserves like Serengeti and Maasai Mara, severely restricting traditional nomadic activities.
Imposition of Borders and Movement Restrictions: The colonial governments in both regions imposed strict borders and movement restrictions, significantly affecting the pastoralist lifestyle. Indian pastoralists faced taxation and permit systems confining their movements, while the Maasai were restricted to reserves and required permits to move, hampering their ability to find pasture during droughts and leading to substantial losses in livestock during adverse conditions.
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Introduction
In Chapter 5 of the Class 9 Social Science textbook, "Pastoralists in the Modern World," we delve into the lives of nomadic pastoralists, their migratory patterns, and how colonial laws and modern societal pressures have shaped their existence. Despite being rarely mentioned in standard economic and historical studies, pastoralism remains a critical way of life for many communities around the world.
Understanding Pastoralism and Nomadic Pastoralists
Pastoralism is a mode of livelihood that relies on domestic animals for agricultural production. Nomadic pastoralists, unlike settled agricultural communities, move from one place to another in search of pasture for their animals. This mobility allows them to cope with the seasonal and environmental changes that affect grazing lands.
Pastoral Nomads and Their Movements
In the Mountains
The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh are prime examples of mountain pastoralists. These communities undertake seasonal migrations to ensure their herds have access to fresh pasture.
Bugyals: High-altitude meadows found in the Himalayas, crucial during summer months when the lower regions are arid.
On the Plateaus, Plains, and Deserts
Despite differences in geography, the Dhangars of Maharashtra, Gollas of Andhra Pradesh, and Raikas of Rajasthan have developed unique ways to graze their livestock and trade in various goods. For example, Dhangar shepherds migrate from the semi-arid central plateau of Maharashtra to the more fertile Konkan region after the monsoon.
Impact of Colonial Rule on Pastoral Life
Colonial rule brought significant changes to pastoral life, mainly through policies aimed at generating revenue and expanding agricultural production.
Forest Acts and Their Consequences
Forest Acts restricted access to forests, essential grazing areas for pastoralists, by classifying them as "Reserved" or "Protected" zones. These Acts required pastoralists to obtain permits, severely limiting their movement.
The Criminal Tribes Act
The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 labelled many nomadic communities as criminal by nature, forcing them into settlements and severely restricting their mobility.
Economic Changes
Grazing taxes were introduced, adding financial burdens to pastoral communities. These taxes often led to overgrazing in limited available grazing lands, deteriorating the quality of pastures and reducing the carrying capacity for livestock.
Coping with Colonial and Modern Pressures
Pastoralists employed various strategies to cope with restrictions:
Reduced Herd Sizes: When migration to traditional pastures became difficult.
New Pastures: Some communities, like the Raikas, migrated to regions like Haryana after 1947, where new agricultural fields allowed grazing.
Pastoralism in Post-Colonial India
Despite these challenges, pastoralism has remained a viable livelihood for many. Ecologists argue that pastoralism is particularly suited to arid and mountainous regions due to its adaptability.
Pastoral Communities in Africa
In Africa, pastoralism continues to be an essential livelihood for millions. Communities such as the Maasai, Bedouins, and Berbers navigate semi-arid landscapes, raising cattle, camels, goats, and sheep.
Case Study: The Maasai
Maasai pastoralists were significantly affected by colonial laws and boundary formations which restricted their traditional migratory routes.
Socioeconomic Changes in Africa
Colonial restrictions altered traditional social structures, creating new economic classes within pastoral communities. Wealthier pastoralists adapted by engaging in trade and loaning money, while poorer ones often had to find alternative forms of employment.
Environmental Viability of Pastoralism
Modern environmentalists recognize that pastoralism is not just a relic of the past but an adaptive strategy suitable for managing arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Pastoralists contribute to ecological balance by preventing overgrazing and fostering biodiversity.
Conclusion
Despite modern challenges and historical marginalization, pastoralists continue to adapt and evolve. Their way of life is an essential part of managing the ecological balance in hilly and dry regions. Environmental and economic recognition of pastoralism is crucial in preserving this vital livelihood.
By following the paths of historical and contemporary pastoralists, we learn about the resilience and adaptability of these communities and the critical role they play in our shared world heritage.
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