Change and Development in Industrial Society - Class 12 Sociology - Chapter 5 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Choose any occupation you see around you – and describe it along the following lines: a) social composition of the work force – caste, gender, age, region; b) labour process – how the work takes place, c) wages and other benefits, d) working conditions – safety, rest times, working hours, etc.
A computer engineer workforce typically comprises a diverse mix of individuals across caste, although it tends to skew towards male-dominated, with increasing participation from women. Workers generally range from their early 20s to mid-40s and come from various regions. The labour process involves designing, developing, and troubleshooting computer systems, frequently entailing extensive programming and problem-solving. Wages are relatively high, often supplemented with benefits like health insurance and stock options. Working conditions are generally safe, with flexible hours and emphasis on ergonomics, though high-pressure deadlines can impact rest times. Engineers usually work 40-50 hours a week, with the possibility of remote work adding to job appeal.
How has liberalisation affected employment patterns in India?
Liberalisation has significantly reshaped employment patterns in India primarily by increasing the prevalence of contract labour and reducing the number of secure jobs. Companies, influenced by global practices, now prefer outsourcing which often leads to poorer working conditions and lower job security for workers. Furthermore, although multinational companies have increased investment, this has not necessarily led to more secure employment opportunities, as there is a trend towards minimizing permanent staff to reduce costs. The changes have encouraged flexible but insecure employment, contributing to an increase in socio-economic disparities.
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Comprehensive Notes on Change and Development in Industrial Society (Class 12) - Key Insights & Study Guide
Introduction to Change and Development in Industrial Society
Understanding the evolution and transformation in industrial society is crucial for Class 12 students as it provides insights into how technological advancements and socio-economic changes impact society. This guide covers key aspects influenced by industrialisation, including employment structures, the role of unions, gender dynamics, and working conditions.
Major Sociological Theories on Industrial Society
Karl Marx and Alienation
Karl Marx discussed alienation as a significant consequence of industrialisation. He argued that workers often feel disconnected from the products they create due to the repetitive and segmented nature of factory work, which leads to dissatisfaction and a sense of powerlessness.
Max Weber on Bureaucracy
Max Weber highlighted the rise of bureaucratic organisations as a feature of industrial societies. Bureaucracies are characterised by clear hierarchies, formal rules, and impersonal relationships, which can lead to efficiency, but also to rigidity and disenchantment among workers.
Emile Durkheim and Social Integration
Emile Durkheim explored how industrialisation leads to different forms of social integration. He noted that traditional rural societies often had close-knit relationships, whereas industrial societies saw the growth of impersonal professional relations.
Industrialisation and Its Impact on Social Relations in India
The Role of Technology
Technological advancements have drastically changed the way work is conducted in India. New machinery and automation have increased productivity but also led to job losses in certain sectors due to the mechanisation of tasks.
Changes in the Labour Market
The Indian labour market has witnessed significant shifts with more people moving from agricultural jobs to industrial and service sectors. These shifts have also changed the socio-economic fabric of urban and rural areas.
Urbanisation and Migration
Industrialisation has accelerated urbanisation, resulting in large-scale migration from rural to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities. This migration often leads to diverse social challenges, including housing, sanitation, and employment disparities.
Employment Structure in India
Organised vs Unorganised Sectors
India's workforce is divided between the organised (formal) and unorganised (informal) sectors. The organised sector consists of enterprises registered with the government providing secure jobs, while the unorganised sector includes smaller firms often lacking formal contracts and social security benefits.
Statistical Breakdown
(Image to be created with a pie chart representation of employment in organised and unorganised sectors)
pie
title Employment Structure in India (2018-19)
"Primary Sector": 43
"Secondary Sector": 17
"Tertiary Sector": 40
Social Implications
The dominance of the unorganised sector implies that many workers do not have access to job security, formal contracts, or social security benefits, which impacts their economic stability and quality of life.
Globalisation, Liberalisation, and Their Impacts
Policy Changes Since the 1990s
Since the 1990s, India has adopted liberalisation policies opening up various sectors for private and foreign investment. This has led to significant economic growth but also increased competition and economic inequality.
Case Studies of Major Industries
- Telecom Industry: The liberalisation has seen the rise of major telecom companies offering competitive services.
- Civil Aviation: Opened to private players, leading to increased connectivity and competition.
- IT Sector: Enabled by globalisation, India's IT sector has become a major global player.
Rise of Multinationals
Many domestic companies have transformed into multinationals while some have been acquired by foreign firms, further integrating India into the global economy.
Gender and Occupational Roles
Women in Nursing and Teaching
Women predominantly occupy roles in nursing and teaching, sectors traditionally seen as more suitable for nurturing and caregiving roles.
Gender-based Occupational Segregation
Occupational segregation based on gender reveals societal biases that consider certain jobs ‘tough’ and more masculine, such as engineering and construction, while relegating women to 'softer' roles.
Case Study: Gender Dynamics in Engineering
If more women enter engineering, the profession might see shifts in workplace culture and dynamics, promoting more inclusivity and diversity.
Working Conditions
Formal vs Informal Sectors
The formal sector usually offers better working conditions, regulated hours, and benefits, while the informal sector often suffers from unregulated and harsh working conditions.
Legal Regulations and Their Enforcement
While there are extensive laws to regulate working conditions, the implementation in the informal sector is often lax, leading to exploitation.
Case Studies: Mining, IT, and Manufacturing Sectors
- Mining: Dangerous conditions with frequent accidents and health hazards.
- IT Sector: Long working hours, often leading to burnout and stress.
- Manufacturing: Mechanisation has increased productivity but also reduced the number of permanent jobs.
How People Find Jobs in Industrial Societies
The Role of Personal Contacts
Many jobs in both formal and informal sectors are secured through personal contacts rather than through formal advertisements or employment exchanges.
Jobbers and Contractors
Contractors play a significant role in hiring casual labour, especially in industries like construction, often involving complex employer-worker relationships.
Government Schemes for Employment
Government initiatives such as MUDRA, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, and Make in India aim to generate employment and support self-employment in various sectors, especially benefiting marginalised communities.
Home-Based Work
Characteristics and Economic Importance
Home-based work is integral, especially in the production of traditional goods. It offers flexibility but often lacks occupational security and benefits.
Case Study: The Bidi Industry
The bidi industry, primarily involving women, relies on home-based workers who prepare bidis from tendu leaves and tobacco, earning on a piece-rate basis.
COVID-19 and Work-from-Home Trends
The pandemic has accelerated the work-from-home trend, blurring the lines between traditional home-based work and modern telecommuting.
Strikes and Unions
The Role of Trade Unions
Trade unions are pivotal in advocating for workers' rights and negotiating better wages and working conditions.
Historical Strikes in India
- Bombay Textile Strike (1982): Led by Dr. Datta Samant, this strike highlighted the struggle for better wages and workers' autonomy, impacting nearly a quarter of a million workers.
Outcomes and Social Impact
Strikes can lead to significant societal shifts, pushing for improved labour laws and practices, although they can also result in harsh retaliations from employers.
Conclusion
Industrialisation has profoundly altered social and economic landscapes. Understanding these changes is essential for Class 12 students to gain a comprehensive view of historical and present-day dynamics. These insights also prepare them for engaging with current socio-economic issues, enhancing their academic and practical knowledge.
This guide's analysis of technological impacts, employment trends, and societal shifts provides a solid foundation for further exploration and understanding of industrial society's evolution.
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