Change and Development in Rural Society Class 12 Notes

Change and Development in Rural Society Class 12 Notes: Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Indian society is predominantly rural, although urbanisation is growing rapidly. Understanding the change and development within rural societies is crucial, as a vast majority of India's population still resides in these areas. In this guide, we'll explore the various aspects of rural society, including its structural and cultural dynamics, historical influences, and modern transformations.

Key Aspects of Rural Society

Predominantly Rural Yet Rapidly Urbanising

Despite the rising trend of urbanisation, about 69% of India's population lives in rural areas, according to the 2011 Census. People in these areas primarily make their living from agriculture or related occupations.

Importance of Agricultural Land

Agricultural land is the primary resource and form of property in rural India. It serves as a means of production and a way of life. Moreover, many cultural practices are rooted in agrarian life. Festivals such as Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Bihu in Assam, and Baisakhi in Punjab are closely tied to the agricultural calendar.

Cultural Practices Linked to Agriculture

The connection between agriculture and culture is profound. Regional cultural variations often reflect the diverse agricultural practices prevailing in different parts of the country.

Agrarian Structure in Rural India

Caste and Class in Rural Society

The agrarian structure in rural India is intricately linked to the caste system. The distribution of landholdings is highly uneven, often correlating with caste hierarchies. Dominant landowning groups typically belong to higher castes, while lower castes often work as agricultural labourers.

Traditional Occupations and Their Decline

Rural India has a rich tapestry of traditional occupations. Artisans such as potters, carpenters, and weavers once thrived but have seen a decline since the colonial period.

Colonial Influence

Colonial policies, particularly the zamindari and raiyatwari systems, significantly shaped the agrarian structure. These systems affected land ownership and productivity, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural practices.

Post-Independence Changes

Land Reforms and Their Impact

Post-independence, India embarked on land reforms aimed at redistributing land and curbing the power of zamindars. While some states saw effective implementation, others lagged behind.

The Green Revolution

The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding seeds and modern farming techniques in the 1960s and 70s. It increased agricultural productivity but also led to social disparities and environmental issues.

Modern Transformations in Rural Societies

Shift from Patronage to Exploitation

Labour relations in rural areas have transitioned from patronage systems to more exploitative structures. This shift has led to the rise of free wage labourers, altering traditional bonds between landowners and workers.

Commercialisation of Agriculture

The commercialisation of agriculture has brought both benefits and challenges. While it has increased productivity, it has also led to increased livelihood insecurity and regional inequalities.

Rural-Urban Migration Patterns

Increasing inequalities and demand for labour in prosperous regions have led to seasonal migration. This pattern impacts both the regions that supply and receive migrant workers.

New Class of Entrepreneurial Elites

Profits from modern farming have led to the rise of a new class of entrepreneurial elites who are economically and politically influential.

Globalisation and Liberalisation

Entry of Multinational Companies

With globalisation, multinational companies have entered the agricultural sector through contract farming. While this provides market security to farmers, it also makes them dependent on these corporations.

Indian rural landscape with agricultural fields, traditional houses, and farmers at work.

Contract Farming and its Implications

Contract farming involves agreements between farmers and companies to produce specific crops. While this can offer financial stability, it often leads to environmental unsustainability and marginalisation of local knowledge.

Socio-Economic Challenges

Farmer Suicides and Agrarian Distress

Structural changes and economic policies have led to increased farmer suicides. Factors contributing to this crisis include debt, market instability, and high production costs.

Government Schemes for Rural Development

Several government schemes aim to support the agricultural sector and improve rural life. Initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and Kisan Credit Card are designed to provide financial aid and support.

Conclusion

Understanding the nuances of change and development in rural society is vital for comprehending India's overall socio-economic landscape. As rural India continues to evolve, policies focusing on equitable growth and sustainable practices will be crucial for its future development.