Graphical Representation of Data - Class 12 Geography - Chapter 3 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Graphical Representation of Data | Practical Work in Geography | Geography | Class 12
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Which one of the following map shows the population distribution:
(a) Choropleth maps
(b) Isopleth maps
(c) Dot maps
(d) Square root maps
The correct map type that shows population distribution is:
(c) Dot maps
Which one of the following is best suited to represent the decadal growth of population?
(a) Line graph
(b) Bar diagram
(c) Circle diagram
(d) Flow diagram
The best suited graphical representation for the decadal growth of population is:
(a) Line graph
A line graph is particularly effective for displaying data changes over time, involving multiple periods like decades. It facilitates the visualization of trends and comparisons between different time points within the data, making it an ideal choice for illustrating population growth across years.
Polygraph is constructed to represent:
(a) Only one variable
(b) Two variables only
(c) More than two variables
(d) None of the above
A polygraph is a type of line graph where two or more variables are shown for immediate comparison using an equal number of lines. Each variable can be distinguished by using different line patterns or colors. Therefore, the correct answer is:
(c) More than two variables
Which one of the following maps is known as “Dynamic Map”?
(a) Dot map
(b) Choropleth
(c) Isopleth
(d) Flow map
The map known as a "Dynamic Map" is:
(d) Flow map
Flow maps are used to represent the movement of objects, people, or data between locations, clearly showing directions and volumes, thereby providing dynamic insights into connectivity and flow trends, as stated under the section "Flow Maps/Chart."
What is a thematic map?
A thematic map visually represents specific data themes across different geographical areas. These maps are utilized to understand spatial patterns and distributions such as population density, climate variations, or economic activities. They often utilize colors, symbols, and lines to illustrate quantitative and qualitative data effectively.
Differentiate between multiple bar diagram and compound bar diagram.
Aspect | Multiple Bar Diagram | Compound Bar Diagram |
---|---|---|
Definition | Displays two or more sets of data using separate bars placed adjacent to each other, allowing for direct comparison across categories. | Combines different data components in a single bar, with each component represented as a segment of the bar, to illustrate the proportion each holds in the total. |
Purpose | Used to compare different variables or categories within the same group or across different groups. | Used to show the composition of each category and how different parts contribute to the whole. |
Bar Placement | Bars are placed side-by-side within the same category for easy comparison. | Sections are stacked on top of each other or placed adjacent within the same bar to indicate total value. |
Visual Clue | Each bar is separate but aligned in clusters for each group or time period. | Each category in a single bar is divided into colored or shaded sections representing different variables. |
Usage Example | Showing sales of different products over several years; each product has its own bar for each year. | Showing the distribution of energy production sources (like thermal, hydro, nuclear) in a single year where each bar represents total production with segments for each energy source. |
Interpretation | Easier to compare individual categories across groups. | Provides a direct visual representation of proportions and composition within each group. |
What are the requirements to construct a dot map?
To construct a dot map, the following are required:
Administrative map showing boundaries.
Statistical data on the selected theme for the administrative units (e.g., population, cattle).
Scale for determining the value of each dot.
Physiographic map (if needed) to account for geographic influences.
Describe the method of constructing a traffic flow map.
To construct a traffic flow map:
Take an outline map indicating the routes and stations.
Collect data on vehicle movements, origin, and destinations.
Choose a scale to represent the volume visually.
Draw lines of proportional width on routes to reflect traffic density, and denote key nodes with symbols.
What is an Isopleth map ? How an interpolation is carried out?
Isopleth maps depict geographical variations using lines connecting points of equal value, such as temperature (isotherm) or rainfall (isohyet). Interpolation involves estimating intermediate values between known data points. It involves calculating distances and determining isopleth placements proportionate to the data values, ensuring accurate and continuous representation across the map area.
Describe and illustrate important steps to be followed in preparing a choropleth map.
Preparing a Choropleth Map: Key Steps
Select Data: Choose administrative-units-based statistical data.
Data Arrangement: Sort data in ascending or descending order.
Data Segmentation: Divide data into meaningful categories (5 is typical).
Scale and Legend: Choose appropriate shades or colors for each category.
Map Drawing: Apply colors/shades based on data categories to different map regions, ensuring clarity and accuracy.
Referencing an example of literacy rates, differing shades represent literacy ranges like 47-56%, 56-65%, etc., as shown in the figure below:
Discuss important steps to represent data with help of a pie-diagram.
Arrange data in ascending or descending order.
Calculate degrees for each category using the formula:
(Value of the category / Total value) * 360
.Draw a circle and plot each sector based on the calculated degrees.
Add titles, labels, and a legend for clear representation.
Represent the following data with the help of suitable diagram.
Year | Decennial growth (%) |
---|---|
1911 | 0.35 |
1921 | 8.27 |
1931 | 19.12 |
1941 | 31.97 |
1951 | 41.42 |
1961 | 26.41 |
1971 | 38.23 |
1981 | 46.14 |
1991 | 36.47 |
2001 | 31.13 |
Represent the following data with the help of suitable diagram.
India : Literacy and Enrolment Ratio in Primary and Upper Primary Schools
Year | Literacy Ratio | Enrolment Ratio Primary | Enrolment Ratio Upper Primary | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Male | Female | Boys | Girls | Total | Boys | Girls | Total | |
1950-51 | 18.3 | 27.2 | 8.86 | 60.6 | 25.0 | 42.6 | 20.6 | 4.6 | 12.7 |
1999-2000 | 65.4 | 75.8 | 54.2 | 104.0 | 85.0 | 94.9 | 67.2 | 50.0 | 58.8 |
Here are the bar charts representing the literacy and enrolment ratios in India for the years 1950-51 and 1999-2000:
These charts visualize the following:
Literacy Ratios: Comparison of male and female literacy rates for 1950-51 and 1999-2000.
Enrolment Ratios in Primary Schools: Comparison of boys' and girls' enrolment rates for primary schools.
Enrolment Ratios in Upper Primary Schools: Comparison of boys' and girls' enrolment rates for upper primary schools.
Represent the following data with help of pie-diagram.
India : Land use 1951-2001
1950-51 | 1998-2001 | |
---|---|---|
Net Sown Area | 42 | 46 |
Forest | 14 | 22 |
Not available for cultivation | 17 | 14 |
Fallow Land | 10 | 8 |
Pasture and Tree | 9 | 5 |
Culturable Waste Land | 8 | 5 |
To represent the provided land use data for India for the years 1950-51 and 1998-2001 with the help of a pie diagram, we'll calculate the angle for each category based on its percentage. The pie diagram angle for each category is calculated as follows:
Angle Calculation:
[ \text{Angle for category} = \left( \frac{\text{Value of category}}{\text{Total}} \right) \times 360^\circ ]
Data Summation:
1950-51: $42 + 14 + 17 + 10 + 9 + 8 = 100$
1998-2001: $46 + 22 + 14 + 8 + 5 + 5 = 100$
As both sums equal 100%, each value is directly proportional to the angles for a pie chart (since they already represent percentages).
Pie Chart Angles for Each Year:
For 1950-51:
Net Sown Area: $ 42^\circ $
Forest: $14^\circ $
Not Available for Cultivation: $ 17^\circ $
Fallow Land: $ 10^\circ $
Pasture and Tree:$9^\circ$
Culturable Waste Land: $ 8^\circ$
For 1998-2001:
Net Sown Area: $46^\circ $
Forest: $22^\circ $
Not Available for Cultivation: $ 14^\circ $
Fallow Land: $8^\circ $
Pasture and Tree: $5^\circ $
Culturable Waste Land: $5^\circ$
Construction Steps:
Draw a Circle: Start with drawing a circle (say radius 5 cm).
Label the Circle: Mark a point in the centre.
Draw Angles:
For each land use, start from the horizontal line and measure the angle using a protractor based on calculated degrees.
Shade or color the sectors differently.
Add Legend:
Include a legend outside the circle, matching colors/shades to the pie sections.
Title: Add title as "Land Use in India 1950-51" and "Land Use in India 1998-2001" for respective diagrams.
Notes:
Ensure the pie chart sums up to a full circle, i.e., 360 degrees.
Colour or pattern distinctions should be made clear in the legend for visual clarity.
Study the table given below and draw the given diagrams/maps.
State | Area (000 ha) | % to Total Area | Production (000 tonnes) | % to Total Production |
---|---|---|---|---|
West Bengal | 5,435 | 12.3 | 12,428 | 14.6 |
Uttar Pradesh | 5,839 | 13.2 | 11,540 | 13.6 |
Andhra Pradesh | 4,028 | 9.1 | 12,428 | 13.5 |
Punjab | 2,611 | 5.9 | 9,154 | 10.8 |
Tamil Nadu | 2,113 | 4.8 | 7,218 | 8.5 |
Bihar | 3,671 | 8.3 | 5,417 | 6.4 |
Area and Production of Rice in major States
(a) Construct a multiple bar diagram to show area under rice in each State.
(b) Construct a pie-diagram to show the percentage of area under rice in each State.
(c) Construct a dot map to show the production of rice in each State.
(d) Construct a Choropleth map to show the percentage of production of rice in States.
As an AI text-based assistant, I'm unable to physically draw or manipulate graphics directly. However, I can guide you on how to create the requested diagrams and maps based on the given data:
(a) Construct a Multiple Bar Diagram for Area under Rice in Each State
To construct this, follow these steps:
Label the X-axis with the names of the states.
Label the Y-axis with the area under rice cultivation (in 000 ha).
Draw bars for each state that represents the area figures. Use different colors or patterns for each state to enhance readability.
(b) Construct a Pie Diagram to Show the Percentage of Area under Rice in Each State
For the pie chart:
Calculate the total area under rice cultivation by adding all the state areas together.
Calculate the percentage each state contributes using the formula: [ \text{Percentage} = \left(\frac{\text{Area of the state}}{\text{Total area}}\right) \times 100 ]
Draw a circle and mark the percentages as slices of the pie chart.
Label each slice with the state's name and the percentage area it represents.
(c) Construct a Dot Map to Show the Production of Rice in Each State
To create a dot map:
Use an outline map of the area including the states.
Decide on a dot value (e.g., 1 dot = 1,000 tonnes).
Place the appropriate number of dots in each state based on its production figures.
(d) Construct a Choropleth Map to Show the Percentage of Production of Rice in States
For the Choropleth map:
Use a map of the area and divide it into states.
Calculate the total production of rice by adding all the figures.
Calculate the percentage of production for each state similarly to the pie chart step.
Shade each state according to its production percentage. Create a scale of colors from lighter (less production) to darker (more production).
When creating these diagrams, make sure to include proper legends, labels, scale, and titles to make them informative and easy to understand. Remember, the visual accuracy and neatness in the display of data are key to effectively communicate the statistical information graphically.
Show the following data of temperature and rainfall of Kolkata with a suitable diagram.
Month | Temperature (ºC) | Rainfall (cm) |
---|---|---|
Jan. | 19.6 | 1.2 |
Feb. | 22.0 | 2.8 |
Mar. | 27.1 | 3.4 |
Apr. | 30.1 | 5.1 |
May | 30.4 | 13.4 |
June | 29.9 | 29.0 |
Jul. | 28.9 | 33.1 |
Aug. | 28.7 | 33.4 |
Sep. | 28.9 | 25.3 |
Oct. | 27.6 | 12.7 |
Nov. | 23.4 | 2.7 |
Dec. | 19.7 | 0.4 |
Line and Bar Graph Representation for Kolkata's Temperature and Rainfall
The suitable diagram for representing monthly temperature and rainfall data for Kolkata is a combined line and bar graph. Here, months are indicated on the X-axis, and the parameters (temperature and rainfall) are shown on two separate Y-axes on either side of the graph.
Temperature is represented using a line graph, which clearly shows the fluctuations over the months.
Rainfall is represented using a bar diagram, which effectively showcases the variability in precipitation over the year.
Below is the construction description of this diagram:
Construction Steps:
Draw X and Y-axes: The X-axis represents the months from January to December. Two Y-axes should be drawn: one on the left for rainfall data (in cm) and one on the right for temperature data (in °C).
Select suitable scales: For rainfall, choose a scale that can comfortably accommodate the highest data point (33.4 cm in August), e.g., 1 cm = 5 cm of rainfall. For temperature, choose a scale suitable to cover temperature variations, e.g., 1 cm = 5 °C.
Plot the data:
For rainfall, plot bar at each month's position according to its value.
For temperature, plot points at each month's position based on temperature and connect these points with a smooth line.
Label appropriately: Ensure both axes are clearly labeled with correct units. Month labels should be clear and evenly spaced.
Legend and title: Include a legend distinguishing between the bar and line graphs (i.e., which one represents rainfall and which one represents temperature). Add a concise title that reflects the content of the graph, such as "Monthly Temperature and Rainfall in Kolkata".
This method allows for an effective visual comparison between the two parameters throughout the year, illustrating how they vary in relation to each other monthly.
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Graphical Representation of Data: Comprehensive Class 12 Notes
Introduction
Understanding the graphical representation of data is crucial not only for exams but also for interpreting real-world information. Graphs, diagrams, and maps make complex data easy to comprehend, offering visual insights into patterns and trends. This article will guide you through various methods for graphically representing data, adhering to the Class 12 syllabus.
General Rules for Drawing Graphs, Diagrams, and Maps
Selection of a Suitable Method
The choice of graphical method depends on the type of data. For instance:
- Line Graphs: Represent time-series data like temperature fluctuations or population growth over the years.
- Bar Diagrams: Best for showing discrete data like monthly rainfall or production statistics.
- Dot Maps: Ideal for depicting population distribution.
- Choropleth Maps: Useful for showing density variations like population density.
Selection of Suitable Scale
The scale used in graphs and maps should neither be too large nor too small. It must be chosen carefully to provide a clear representation of the data without distortion.
Design
Title
The title should clearly indicate the subject, the area of study, and the reference period.
Legend
Legends explain the colours, symbols, and patterns used in the diagram or map. It should be clearly positioned, usually at the lower left or lower right of the map.
Direction
Maps should include a direction symbol (usually "North") to help orient the viewer.
Types of Graphical Representations
One-Dimensional Diagrams
Line Graphs
Line graphs are used to represent time-series data such as temperature or population growth rates. Here's how to construct one:
- Simplify Data: Convert data into round numbers.
- Draw Axes: Mark time variables on the X-axis and data values on the Y-axis.
- Choose Scale: Label the Y-axis with an appropriate scale.
- Plot Data: Mark data points and join them with a line.
Polygraphs
Polygraphs show multiple variables over the same time period using different lines for comparison. Different patterns or colours can distinguish these lines.
Bar Diagrams
Bar diagrams are vertical columns of uniform width but varying heights, representing different data values.
Simple Bar Diagram
This type of diagram is used for immediate comparison of different variables. For instance, the average monthly rainfall in Thiruvananthapuram can be represented as follows:
Multiple Bar Diagrams
Multiple bar diagrams represent more than one type of data for comparison. For example, to compare literacy rates over different decades for males and females.
Two-Dimensional Diagrams
Pie Diagrams
Pie diagrams represent data as sections of a circle. Each section’s angle corresponds to the data value. Here's an example of India's export distribution:
Flow Maps/Charts
Flow maps combine graphs and maps to show the flow of commodities or people between places. These maps are dynamic and illustrate the density and direction of flow.
Thematic Maps
Thematic maps depict the geographical distribution of data across regions.
Dot Maps
Dot maps use dots to show the distribution of phenomena such as population. Each dot represents a specific number of occurrences.
Choropleth Maps
Choropleth maps depict the density of data values. Different colours or patterns indicate varying data densities.
Isopleth Maps
Isopleth maps represent continuous data such as rainfall or temperature. Lines connect points of equal value.
graph TD;
A[Data Collection] --> B[Data Representation Method]
B --> C[[Line Graphs]]
B --> D[[Bar Diagrams]]
B --> E[[Pie Diagrams]]
B --> F[[Flow Maps]]
B --> G[[Dot Maps]]
B --> H[[Choropleth Maps]]
B --> I[[Isopleth Maps]]
Conclusion
Mastering the graphical representation of data allows students to interpret and present complex information effectively. Whether it's through line graphs, bar diagrams, or thematic maps, these visual tools make data comprehensible and impactful. Understanding these methods will not only help in exams but also in real-world applications.
Embark on your journey to ace Class 12 with these detailed notes on graphical representation of data!
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