Data – Its Source and Compilation - Class 12 Geography - Chapter 1 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Data – Its Source and Compilation | Practical Work in Geography | Geography | Class 12
The word DATA is derived from the Latin word ________.
Option 1) Date
Option 2) Datum
Option 3) Dot
Option 4) Datum
The correct option is 2) Datum.
The word DATA is derived from the Latin word Datum.
With reference to Data Governance Quality Index (DGQI), which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Only 1
Only 2
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Correct Option: B
2 only
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Data Governance Quality Index (DGQI) is conducted to analyze and assess the performance of various Ministries/Departments on the implementation of Central Sector Schemes (CS) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS).
Statement 2 is Correct:
The Department of Fertilizers has achieved a significant ranking, placing 2nd among the 16 Economic Ministries/Departments and 3rd among the 65 Ministries/Departments as per the Survey Report on Data Governance Quality Index.
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A number or character which represents measurement is called
(a) Digit
(b) Data
(c) Number
(d) Character
(b) Data
In the chapter, data is defined as numbers that represent measurements from the real world, thus making option (b) the correct choice.
A single datum is a single measurement from the
(a) Table
(b) Frequency
(c) Real world
(d) Information
A single datum is a single measurement from the
(c) Real world
In a tally mark grouping by four and crossing fifth is called
(a) Four and Cross Method
(b) Tally Marking Method
(c) Frequency plotting Method
(d) Inclusive Method
(a) Four and Cross Method
An Ogive is a method in which
(a) Simple frequency is measured
(b) Cumulative frequency is measured
(c) Simple frequency is plotted
(d) Cumulative frequency is plotted
(b) Cumulative frequency is measured
If both ends of a group are taken in frequency grouping, it is called
(a) Exclusive Method
(b) Inclusive Method
(c) Marking Method
(d) Statistical Method
In frequency grouping, if both the upper and lower limits of a group are included, it is called the Inclusive Method.
The correct answer is: (b) Inclusive Method
Differentiate between data and information.
Aspect | Data | Information |
---|---|---|
Definition | Data are raw numbers or facts collected from measurements or observations. | Information is data that has been processed, organized, or presented in a way that gives it meaning or value. |
Example | 35 centimeters of rain recorded in a day. | Interpreting that 35 centimeters of rain indicates a heavy rainfall, potentially leading to flooding. |
Form | Usually unorganized, raw, and in its original format. | Structured or organized in a context that makes it meaningful. |
Purpose | To be processed into information. | To aid decision-making, answer queries, or provide insights. |
Utility | Not very useful on its own because it does must be analyzed to provide value. | Directly useful in context as it influences understanding, decision-making, or knowledge discovery. |
Process | Collection of facts, figures, or measurements. | Data is interpreted, analyzed, and compiled into information. |
What do you mean by data processing?
Data processing refers to the transformation of raw data into meaningful information through procedures such as organization, structuring, and tabulation. This typically involves classifying, sorting, summarizing, and aggregating data to draw relevant conclusions and facilitate effective decision-making, making complex data understandable and usable.
What is the advantage of foot note in a table?
The advantage of a footnote in a table is to provide additional information or clarify data without cluttering the main body of the table. It allows for a cleaner presentation and enhances readability by keeping supplementary details accessible yet unobtrusive. This helps in preserving the table’s focus and effectiveness in conveying the primary data.
What do you mean by primary sources of data?
Primary sources of data refer to information collected firsthand for a specific purpose. This data is gathered directly by an individual or group through activities like observations or interviews. Examples include field surveys for mapping or demographic studies, which provide unique and original insights or evidence.
Enumerate five sources of secondary data.
Five sources of secondary data:
Government Publications: Such as census reports, statistical abstracts by state governments, and weather reports.
Semi/Quasi-government Publications: Reports from urban development authorities and district councils.
International Publications: Publications from UN bodies like UNESCO and WHO.
Private Publications: Yearbooks and research reports by private organizations.
Electronic Media: Internet sources which offer a vast repository of data.
Discuss the national and international agencies where from secondary data may be collected.
National agencies where secondary data can be collected include various government ministries and their departments, like the Office of the Registrar General of India and the Indian Meteorological Department. These agencies provide valuable data via government publications such as the Census of India, National Sample Survey reports, and statistical abstracts published by state governments.
International agencies also play a crucial role in data dissemination. Organizations under the United Nations like the UNESCO, UNDP, WHO, and FAO publish extensive reports and databases. Renowned publications from these entities include the Demographic Year Book, Statistical Year Book, and the Human Development Report. These international publications are pivotal for providing global data that can be used for comparative and detailed analysis across different nations.
What is the importance of an index number? Taking an example examine the process of calculating an index number and show the changes.
Index numbers are vital statistical tools that measure changes in variables or groups of related variables over time, locations, or other characteristics. They effectively simplify comparisons and economic analysis. For example, if analyzing the production of iron. The index numbers allow us to see the changes in production over different years relative to a base year.
For instance, Table 1.3 in the text illustrates the production of iron ore in India:
Base Year (1970-71) production: 32.5 million tonnes (Index=100)
By 1980-81, production rose to 42.2: Index = $\frac{42.2}{32.5} \times 100 = 130$,
By 1990-91, it reached 53.7, calculating to an Index of 165,
By 2000-01, it was 67.4, resulting in an Index of 207.
This shows a significant growth in production over these periods indexed to the base year, simplifying analysis of growth trends and comparative assessments over years or among various locations or industries.
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Data – Its Source and Compilation: Comprehensive Class 12 Notes
Introduction to Data – Its Source and Compilation
Data plays a fundamental role in various fields, especially in geography, where it helps in understanding and analysing spatial phenomena. This article delves into the sources, types, and methods of compiling data, tailored specifically for Class 12 students.
Understanding the Concept of Data
What is Data?
Data refers to numerical information that represents measurements from the real world. For instance, weather reports, population statistics, and geographical measurements all constitute data. This raw form of information is the building block for deriving meaningful insights.
The Importance of Data in Geographical Analysis
Data is pivotal in geographical studies as it allows for quantitative analysis of various phenomena. It helps in understanding patterns, distributions, and interrelationships among different geographical elements.
The Need for Data in Geography
Maps and statistical data are crucial tools in geography. For example, studying the cropping patterns of an area requires data on rainfall, crop yield, and land use. Similarly, analysing urban growth involves population statistics, economic data, and infrastructure details. Thus, data is indispensable for comprehensive geographical analysis.
Presentation of Data
Importance of Data Presentation
Collecting data is crucial, but presenting it correctly is equally important to avoid misinterpretations. Statistical methods help in representing data in a simplified and comprehensible manner, aiding in logical conclusions.
Avoiding Statistical Fallacies
Misrepresentation of data can lead to incorrect conclusions. For instance, using averages without understanding the range of data may result in erroneous interpretations.
Sources of Data
Primary Sources of Data
Personal Observations
- Involves field surveys to collect information directly from the environment.
Interview Method
- Direct dialogues provide firsthand information.
- Precautions include creating a congenial atmosphere and ensuring the respondent's comfort.
Questionnaire/Schedule Method
- Structured questions to gather data over large areas.
- Differentiates between self-completed questionnaires and enumerator-filled schedules.
Other Methods
- Use of tools like soil kits and transducers for specific data collection tasks.
Table of Different Methods of Data Collection
Secondary Sources of Data
Types of Secondary Sources
-
Government Publications
- Census reports, statistical abstracts, weather reports, etc.
-
Semi/Quasi-government Publications
- Reports from Urban Development Authorities, Municipal Corporations, etc.
-
International Publications
- Yearbooks and reports from organisations like UNESCO, WHO, FAO, etc.
-
Private Publications
- Research reports and surveys by private entities.
-
Newspapers and Magazines
- Periodicals that provide timely data.
-
Electronic Media
- The internet as a vast resource for secondary data.
Unpublished Sources
- Government documents, quasi-government records, and private documents that hold valuable unpublished data.
Compilation of Data
Tabulation and Classification of Data
Steps in Tabulation
- Systematic arrangement of data into rows and columns for ease of analysis.
Summary and Simplification of Data through Tables
- Presenting data in tables helps in quick reference and comparison.
Illustration of Data Tabulation
Data Compilation and Presentation
Absolute Data
- Data in its original integer form, such as population counts.
Percentage/Ratio Data
- Data represented as percentages or ratios to show relative quantities.
Index Number
- A statistical measure indicating changes over time or between different entities.
Processing of Data
Tabulating and Classifying Raw Data
- Grouping raw data into classes based on intervals for better interpretation.
Grouping and Classification Methods
Exclusive Method
- Each data point belongs to a specific range, excluding the upper limit.
Inclusive Method
- Both the upper and lower limits are included in the grouping.
graph TD
A[Data Collection] --> B[Raw Data]
B --> C[Grouping into Classes]
C --> D[Tabulation]
D --> E[Frequency Distribution]
E --> F[Data Analysis]
F --> G[Conclusion Drawing]
Visual Representation of Data
Frequency Distribution
Simple Frequencies
- Representing the number of data points in each class.
Cumulative Frequencies
- Adding successive simple frequencies to get a running total.
Frequency Polygon and Ogive
Creating a Frequency Polygon
- A graphical representation of frequency distribution using a line graph.
Constructing an Ogive
-
Less Than Method
- Plotting cumulative frequencies starting with the upper class limits.
-
More Than Method
- Plotting cumulative frequencies starting with the lower class limits.
Conclusion
In conclusion, data and its compilation are essential for geographical studies and beyond. Understanding the sources, methods of collection, and proper presentation of data ensures accurate analysis and meaningful insights. This guide aims to elucidate these concepts clearly, providing a solid foundation for Class 12 students in their academic pursuits.
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