The Age of Industrialisation - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 4 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - The Age of Industrialisation | India and the Contemporary World - II | Social Science | Class 10
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What was the consequence of bringing forth unskilled laborers in factories?
A) Improvement in working conditions of laborers.
B) Deterioration of working conditions of laborers.
C) No change in the working conditions of laborers.
D) None of the above.
The correct answer is B) Deterioration of working conditions of laborers.
The influx of unskilled laborers into factories led to an increase in production capacity. However, even as production surged, the working conditions for these workers worsened consistently over time. This deterioration was notable as factories often prioritized output over the well-being of their labor force.
During the Industrial Revolution, children worked in dreadful work environments, and child labour was effectively banned in the US and Europe in:
A) 1932
B) 1933
C) 1936
D) 1934
The correct answer is C) 1936.
During the Industrial Revolution, children were subjected to harsh and dangerous working conditions. They were employed to perform strenuous tasks such as mining coal and filling heavy carts and often faced 12-hour workdays. Public awareness of these severe conditions eventually grew, leading to significant social reform. As a result, child labor was effectively banned in the US and Europe in 1936.
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was established in:
A) 1910
B) 1920
C) 1900
The correct answer is B) 1920.
Following the end of the First World War and the subsequent increase in industrial activities, India saw a significant rise in its workforce. This surge in the number of workers necessitated the formation of a union to represent their interests and address their issues collectively. Consequently, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was established in 1920 to fulfill this requirement.
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Explain the following:
a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spindle Jenny because this innovation threatened their livelihoods. The Spinning Jenny allowed one worker to operate multiple spindles and thus significantly reduced the demand for manual labour. Fearing unemployment and reduced wages, many women who relied on traditional spinning for income violently opposed its adoption.
b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages due to restrictive urban guilds in the towns, which controlled production and trade. By moving production to rural areas, these merchants circumvented high costs and trade restrictions, leveraging cheaper labour to produce goods for international markets.
c) The port of Surant declined by the end of the eighteenth century primarily because European trading companies, like the British East India Company, secured trading concessions and monopolies that bypassed traditional trading routes and ports. This led to a decline in trade through Surant, impacting its economic vitality and resulting in its commercial decay.
d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India as part of their strategy to eliminate intermediaries and gain direct control over the textile production process. Gomasthas were tasked with enforcing the company's monopoly on the purchase of goods, ensuring supply, and maintaining quality, often using oppressive methods that led to conflicts with weavers.
Write True or False against each statement:
a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in
Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
a) False - At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.
b) True - Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textiles.
c) False - The American Civil War actually led to an increase in cotton exports from India. Britain turned to India for cotton supplies when the war cut off supplies from the United States.
d) True - The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity. This device increased productivity per worker by speeding up the weaving process.
Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Proto-industrialisation refers to the phase of industrial development that preceded the establishment of full-scale factory industrialization. This phase was characterized by large-scale industrial production for an international market, which was not yet based on factories.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, merchants began to provide capital to rural peasants and artisans, encouraging them to produce goods for an expanding world trade. This process facilitated the expansion of markets and helped in mobilizing rural labor, thereby increasing production beyond agricultural needs.
Proto-industrialisation allowed peasants and artisans to supplement their income from shrinking agricultural activities and provided an economic basis that eventually supported the later establishment of factory systems. It also led to a closer relationship between urban capital and rural labor, setting a foundation for the later industrial revolution dominated by mechanized factories.
Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
In nineteenth-century Europe, some industrialists preferred hand labour over machines for several reasons:
Seasonal Production: Industries like gas works, breweries, and book printing had peak seasons requiring more labour. During these times, it was more economical and flexible to hire seasonal workers than to invest in machines that would not be utilized year-round.
Cost of Machines: Machines were expensive to purchase and maintain. Breakdowns were costly, and repairs could disrupt production, adding to expenses.
Labour Abundance: There was a high availability of cheap labour due to urban migration. Industrialists could employ human labour at low wages, making it more cost-effective compared to the heavy capital investment required for machines.
Product Demand: Certain market demands for intricately designed goods could only be met through skilled hand labour. Handcrafted products were often associated with higher quality and uniqueness, which machines could not replicate, especially for goods requiring detailed craftsmanship.
How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
The East India Company implemented several steps to procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers:
Establishment of Direct Control: The company tried to eliminate local traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade to establish more direct control over the weavers.
Appointment of Gomasthas: The company appointed paid supervisory agents known as gomasthas. These gomasthas were responsible for supervising weavers, collecting supplies, and examining the quality of cloth.
System of Advances: To ensure a steady supply, the company implemented a system of advances. Once they placed an order, the weavers received loans to buy the raw materials needed for their production. Those who took advances were obligated to sell their completed textiles only to the company.
Punitive Measures: To deal with any delays or failures in supply, gomasthas sometimes used harsh measures, including punishment, creating a climate of fear among weavers.
Through these methods, the East India Company managed to control costs, eliminate competition, and ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers.
Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Britain's Role in the Cotton Industry
Britain's historical involvement in the cotton industry is a significant aspect of its industrial heritage. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, was deeply influenced by innovations in cotton production. Richard Arkwright's invention of the water frame in 1769 revolutionized the spinning process, complementing innovations like the Spinning Jenny.
By the late 18th century, Britain became a global center for cotton manufacturing, fueling industrial growth and urbanization. Manchester, often referred to as "Cottonopolis," epitomized this transformation as factories sprang up, employing massive quantities of labor and dominating global cotton textile markets.
However, the reliance on slave-produced American cotton and the subsequent shifts in global power dynamics highlighted the complex, often exploitative relationships integral to this boom. The decline of British dominance in cotton began post-World War I, as competitors like the United States and Germany gained ground, exacerbated by Britain's inability to adapt industrially.
The cotton industry's legacy in Britain remains a study of innovation, expansion, and its pivotal role in shaping the modern industrial world.
Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
During the First World War, British mills were primarily occupied with war production to meet the needs of the army, which caused Manchester imports into India to decline significantly. This opened up a vast home market for Indian mills, which were previously dominated by British imports. In response, Indian factories began to increase production to meet this new domestic demand. Additionally, Indian factories were also called upon to supply war needs such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, and leather boots, among other items. This boost in demand led to the setting up of new factories and the expansion of existing ones, running multiple shifts and employing more workers. Consequently, industrial production in India experienced a significant increase during the war years.
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Introduction to the Age of Industrialisation
The Age of Industrialisation marks a significant period in history when major technological advancements transformed the way goods were manufactured. Understanding this era is crucial for Class 10 students as it highlights the economic and social changes that still impact our world today.
The Dawn of Industrialisation
The Start of Industrialisation in Britain
Industrialisation began in Britain due to several factors, including the availability of natural resources, political stability, and advancements in technology. The early stages, often referred to as proto-industrialisation, involved large-scale industrial production before the establishment of factories.
Major Inventions and Innovations
The Industrial Revolution saw numerous technological advancements:
Spinning Jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves, sped up the spinning process.
Steam Engine: Improved by James Watt, revolutionized transportation and manufacturing.
Power Loom: Increased the speed of weaving cloth, invented by Edmund Cartwright.
These innovations enhanced efficiency and set the stage for the factory system.
The Factory System
The Development of Factories
Factories began to emerge in the late 18th century, bringing all manufacturing processes under one roof. This system allowed for better supervision, quality control, and labor regulation, leading to a significant increase in production.
Railways and Transport
The expansion of railway networks played a crucial role in industrialisation. Railroads enabled the fast transportation of raw materials and finished goods, boosting trade and connectivity.
The Social Impact of Industrialisation
Changes in Society
Industrialisation led to rapid urbanization, with people moving to cities in search of work. This urban growth brought about significant changes in living conditions, often leading to overcrowded and unsanitary environments.
Labor Force and Working Conditions
The labor force transitioned from agricultural to industrial work. Factory work involved long hours, low wages, and often harsh conditions, which sparked social and labor movements aimed at improving workers' rights.
Industrialisation Around the World
Spread Beyond Britain
The Industrial Revolution spread to other parts of Europe and the USA. While the core principles remained the same, each region adapted industrialisation according to its own needs, resources, and socio-economic conditions.
Industrialisation in Colonial India
Traditional Industries Before British Rule
Before British colonization, India had thriving traditional industries, particularly in textiles. Indian weavers produced high-quality silk and cotton goods that were in demand globally.
British Impact on Indian Industry
The arrival of British rule led to the decline of these traditional industries. British policies favored the importation of British manufactured goods, decimating local handloom industries and disrupting India's economy.
The Rise of Indian Factories
Despite the challenges, modern industries began to emerge in India. Early entrepreneurs like Jamsetjee Tata and Dwarkanath Tagore played significant roles in setting up factories. These initial efforts laid the foundation for India's industrial growth.
The Role of the Swadeshi Movement
Economic Nationalism
The Swadeshi Movement, advocating for the boycott of foreign goods and the use of Indian-made products, played a crucial role in promoting local industries during the colonial period.
Influence on Industrial Growth
This movement significantly impacted local industries by boosting the demand for homegrown products, leading to the growth of several Indian factories.
Advertisements and Consumer Culture
The Power of Marketing
Advertisements became a powerful tool during the Industrial Age. They not only promoted products but also shaped consumer behaviors and needs. From newspapers to calendars, marketing strategies played a vital role in expanding markets for both foreign and domestic goods.
Conclusion
The Age of Industrialisation brought about major technological changes, the growth of factories, and the development of a new industrial labor force. While it led to unprecedented economic growth, it also brought significant social challenges. Understanding this era helps us appreciate the complexities of economic development and its impact on society.
Frequently Asked Questions
What were the key benefits and drawbacks of industrialisation?
Benefits: Increased production, economic growth, technological advancements.
Drawbacks: Poor working conditions, environmental pollution, social inequalities.
How did industrialisation affect global trade patterns?
It boosted global trade by making transportation quicker and more efficient, leading to the expansion of markets and international trade networks.
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