Nationalism in India - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 2 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Nationalism in India | India and the Contemporary World - II | Social Science | Class 10
This museum in New Delhi is one of the largest museums in India. It was established in 1949. It holds a variety of articles ranging from prehistoric era to modern works of art. The museum has approximately 200,00 works of art and functions under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Identify this museum.
A. National Museum
B. Jawaharlal Nehru Museum
C. Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum
D. Victoria Memorial Museum
The correct option is A. National Museum.
The National Museum is situated at Janpath, New Delhi. It features artefacts spanning a wide range of historical periods and artistic styles. The museum's vast collection encompasses numerous departments, including:
Pre-History Archaeology
Manuscripts
Decorative Arts
Jewellery
Numismatics
Epigraphy
With an astonishing collection of approximately 200,000 artworks, the National Museum is renowned for being one of the largest museums in India. It operates under the guidance of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and offers a comprehensive glimpse into India's artistic heritage from the prehistoric era to modern times.
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Who among the following collected folk tales to restore a sense of national pride in Indians during the nineteenth century?
A. Subhas Chandra Bose
B. Motilal Nehru
C. Rabindranath Tagore
D. Natesa Sastri
The correct answers are:
C. Rabindranath Tagore
D. Natesa Sastri
During the nineteenth century, the revival of Indian folklore was seen as a means to propagate nationalism among Indians. Nationalists recorded and collected folk tales, which were originally sung by local bards, and they traveled extensively to gather folk songs and legends from different villages.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore spearheaded this folk revival initiative by collecting various forms of folklore such as ballads, nursery rhymes, and myths. Meanwhile, in the Madras region, Natesa Sastri significantly contributed to this movement by publishing an extensive four-volume collection titled "The Folklore of Southern India."
What does nationalism mean?
A Nationalism means a feeling of pride and belongingness towards one's nation.
B It is a feeling that unites people and drives them to fight for a common goal.
C (a) and (b) above.
D None of the above
The correct answer is C (a) and (b) above.
Nationalism encompasses a feeling of pride and belongingness towards one's nation. Additionally, it unites people and drives them to fight for a common goal. Thus, both statements A and B accurately describe aspects of nationalism.
English Stephen Constantine has been appointed as the head coach of the Indian men's $\qquad$ team.
A Hockey
B Cricket
C Football
D Badminton
E None of these
The correct answer is C) Football.
Stephen Constantine is recognized for his role as the head coach of the Indian men's football team.
What is the study of India called?
A. Orientology
B. Indology
C. Indiology
D. Indography
The correct answer is B. Indology.
Indology refers to the academic study of India, its history, languages, and culture. It is often considered a sub-field of orientology, which focuses on the broader study of the cultures, histories, and languages of the Asian continent. Notable scholars in this field include Sir William Jones and Max Muller, who made significant contributions to the understanding of Indian culture and heritage.
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Explain:
a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
a) Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement because colonial oppression united the colonized populations against a common enemy, fostering a collective identity and a shared desire for freedom and self-governance, ultimately leading to nationalist sentiments.
b) The First World War escalated defence expenditure, increased taxes, forced recruitment, and inflation in India, which led to widespread economic and social distress. These hardships fueled anger against colonial rule, providing a conducive environment for the growth of the National Movement in India.
c) Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act because it allowed the government to imprison people without trial for up to two years and curtailed civil liberties, reflecting distrust and undermining the legal rights of Indians, thus igniting widespread anger and protests against such oppressive measures.
d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement following the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, where protesters killed police officers. Gandhi, staunchly believing in non-violence, felt the movement's deviation from peaceful methods could not lead to true freedom, prompting him to call off the campaign to reassess and reorganize.
What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
The idea of satyagraha, introduced by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggests that a struggle against injustice does not require physical force but can be conducted through non-violent resistance. The core principle of satyagraha is that truth itself has the power to sway the oppressor to the right path without the need for violent means. A satyagrahi, or practitioner of satyagraha, aims to change the heart and mind of the oppressor by appealing to their conscience, thereby winning the battle through non-violence and moral superiority. This approach to fighting injustice was based on the belief that ethical correctness and soul force could achieve more than physical force.
Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
b) The Simon Commission
Newspaper Report on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Amritsar, April 13, 1919 - In one of the darkest days in Indian history, hundreds of innocent Indians were mercilessly killed by British troops at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. The crowd had gathered to peacefully protest against the oppressive Rowlatt Act imposed by the British, which severely curtailed civil liberties.
General Reginald Dyer, commanding the troops, ordered his soldiers to fire into the unarmed crowd, blocking the only exit to ensure no one could escape. The firing lasted approximately ten minutes but left a scar on the nation that would never heal. Official reports put the death toll at around 379, but it is widely believed that the number of casualties was much higher.
The massacre has sparked outrage across India and has ignited a new fervor in the struggle for independence. Leaders across India are calling for stern measures and decisive action against British rule as the nation mourns the tragic loss of life.
Newspaper Report on the Simon Commission
New Delhi, February 3, 1928 - The arrival of the Simon Commission, formed to recommend constitutional reforms in India, has been met with nationwide protests and the slogan "Simon Go Back!". The commission, led by Sir John Simon, consists of seven British MPs, none of whom are of Indian origin.
This exclusion has offended Indian sensibilities and has been perceived as a direct insult by the Indian populace, who see it as another example of British disregard for Indian opinions. The All-India Congress and the Muslim League, along with other political parties, have boycotted the commission, demanding a greater role in the country’s governance.
The protests turned violent in Lahore, where Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent leader, suffered severe injuries during a police lathi-charge against demonstrators and succumbed to his injuries, further inflaming anti-British sentiments across the subcontinent.
Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
The images of Bharat Mata and Germania represent their respective nations, India and Germany, and exhibit distinct traits, symbolism, and artistic styles that reflect the cultural and political ideals of their times.
Symbolism and Attributes:
Bharat Mata: In the image, Bharat Mata is depicted with a lion and an elephant, both of which are symbols of power and authority in Indian culture. She holds a flag, another symbol of nationalism. The backdrop features a serene landscape with a river and lotus flowers, which are often associated with purity and spiritual growth in Indian culture.
Germania: Germania is depicted as a robust figure, wearing a flowing robe and a crown of oak leaves symbolizing strength and endurance. She holds a sword, which can be seen as a symbol of protection and resilience. The painting includes a rocky terrain and a stormy sky, possibly metaphoric of Germany's tumultuous history at that period.
Artistic Style:
Bharat Mata: The style is vibrant, with rich colors and intricate details, common in traditional Indian art forms. The decorative elements and the serene expression of Bharat Mata emphasize a divine and nurturing aspect, aligning with the Indian view of the nation as a mother figure.
Germania: The painting uses more subdued and realistic tones, reflective of Western art styles of the 19th century. The emphasis is on strength and heroic resolve, suggesting a narrative of resilience against adversity.
Cultural Representation:
Bharat Mata is portrayed almost like a goddess, which aligns with the Indian tradition of worshipping mother figures as deities. The cultural elements like the saree, the ornaments, and traditional symbols all speak to the deep religious and cultural roots of the nation.
Germania portrays a more secular national personification, though the use of symbolism like the oak crown can trace back to older Germanic and Roman traditions. The emphasis is more on the national unity and the spirit of the people rather than divine or religious aspects.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
The Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 saw participation from various social groups including middle-class citizens, students, peasants, tribals, workers, and merchants. These groups joined the struggle with their own specific aspirations and grievances.
1. Middle-Class Citizens: Principally made up of lawyers, teachers, and government employees, they were driven by the suppression of civil liberties and the Rowlatt Act. Their hope was to restore rights and influence governance.
2. Peasants: They suffered from high rents and oppressive land revenue demands. Their participation was fueled by the desire for reduced taxes and relief from feudal practices imposed by landlords.
3. Merchants and Traders: They were significantly affected by economic policies favouring British goods over Indian-made products. Their involvement in the movement aimed at boycotting foreign goods to revive domestic trade and attain economic freedom which was considered integral to Swaraj.
These groups saw the Non-Cooperation Movement not just as a fight against colonial rule but as a chance to address their economic and socio-political issues.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi, emerged as a profound symbol of resistance against British colonialism primarily because it targeted the salt tax, a law that affected every Indian. This British-imposed tax made it illegal for Indians to produce or sell salt independently, a necessity for daily life, making the law universally detestable. In March 1930, Gandhiji's 240-mile march to Dandi to illegally produce salt resonated widely, symbolizing the struggle against oppressive British laws and economic exploitation. The act of making salt, simple yet impactful, demonstrated that mass nonviolent disobedience could challenge and unsettle the colonial regime. Consequently, the Salt March galvanized widespread national and international support for Indian independence, highlighting the unjust nature of British rule. It was a strategic act of defiance, leveraging a ubiquitous and essential resource to underline the exploitative policies of the Empire.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement was a transformative experience for me as a woman. For the first time, I stepped out of the conventional boundaries set for women and joined the fight for India’s independence. Engaging in protest marches, manufacturing salt, and picketing liquor shops, I experienced a sense of empowerment and camaraderie with fellow protestors that was profoundly liberating.
This movement amplified my political awareness and deepened my commitment to the struggle against colonial rule. It was a time when women moved from the periphery to the forefront of the freedom fight, demanding not just national freedom but also asserting their presence in the public sphere. Through this involvement, I realized my potential to impact significant change, emboldening me to advocate for greater rights and recognizing the pivotal role women could play in shaping the future of our nation.
Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates primarily because of conflicting views on equality and representation within the Indian society. Here are the key points of contention:
Communal Representation: Some leaders, particularly from minority communities like the Muslims and Dalits, argued that separate electorates were necessary to ensure that their communities received fair representation and were not overshadowed by the majority Hindu community in electoral politics. Leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar saw separate electorates as a way to protect the socio-political rights of the Dalits.
National Unity Concerns: Other leaders, particularly from the Congress and those advocating for a united Indian nation-state, opposed separate electorates. They believed that such provisions would perpetuate communal divisions and counteract the very idea of national unity. Mahatma Gandhi and other Congress leaders argued that separate electorates would prevent the formation of a cohesive Indian identity, fostering permanent divisions based on religion and caste.
Fear of Perpetual Division: Opponents of separate electorates feared that it would institutionalize communalism in politics, leading to constant conflict and making it difficult to work towards common national goals. They were concerned that these electorates would encourage vote-bank politics based on religion and caste rather than policies and development.
British Motive Suspicion: There was also a widespread suspicion that the British supported separate electorates to implement their policy of divide and rule, by exacerbating divisions and weakening the national movement against colonial rule.
Overall, the debate over separate electorates was deeply intertwined with the broader issues of colonial strategy, communal identity, and the vision for an independent India.
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Nationalism in India was a powerful movement that brought together diverse groups and communities in the shared struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Understanding this crucial period is essential for Class 10 students to grasp the complexities and dynamics of India's journey to freedom. This article provides comprehensive notes, covering the development, key figures, and significant events of the nationalist movements in India.
The Role of the Anti-Colonial Movement
The growth of nationalism in India is closely linked to the anti-colonial movement. The oppressive measures of the British rule fostered a sense of unity among various social groups as they collectively sought freedom. However, the experience of colonialism differed among classes, leading to varied perceptions of freedom.
The First World War, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation Movements
The Economic and Social Impact of World War I on India
World War I significantly impacted India, leading to increased taxes, defense expenditures, and economic hardships. These adversities laid the groundwork for widespread discontent and the rise of nationalist sentiments.
The Khilafat Movement
The post-war period saw the emergence of the Khilafat Movement, aimed at protecting the Ottoman Caliph's position, which was a unifying cause for the Indian Muslims. The movement collaborated with Hindus under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
The Non-Cooperation Movement
Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement advocated for the boycott of British goods and institutions. This movement saw extensive participation from various social groups and marked a significant stride in India's quest for independence.
The Idea of Satyagraha
Mahatma Gandhi introduced the concept of Satyagraha, a method of non-violent resistance, upon his return to India from South Africa in 1915. Grounded in the principles of truth and non-violence, Satyagraha became a powerful tool against colonial rule. Gandhi successfully organized several Satyagraha movements, including those in Champaran, Kheda, and Ahmedabad.
The Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
The Rowlatt Act
In 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Act, granting them sweeping powers to curb political activities and detain political prisoners without trial. This act led to widespread protests across India.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
On April 13, 1919, General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, resulting in the massacre of hundreds. This tragic event galvanized Indian sentiment against British rule and intensified the demand for independence.
The Civil Disobedience Movement
The Salt March
The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the iconic Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930. He marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to protest against the British salt tax, sparking nationwide participation in civil disobedience.
Spread of the Movement
As the movement spread, it saw participation from diverse communities, including peasants, tribals, and women. Government repression was met with peaceful protests and non-violent resistance, demonstrating the widespread support for India's independence.
Differing Strands within the Movement
Urban and Rural Participation
The nationalist movement saw varied participation from urban and rural areas, each with its unique challenges and contributions to the cause.
Tribal Uprisings
Tribal communities in regions like the Gudem Hills revolted against colonial policies that restricted their traditional rights, inspired by the broader nationalist movement.
Industrial Workers and Peasants
Industrial workers and peasants joined the movements, protesting against low wages and high taxes imposed by British authorities. These groups were pivotal in broadening the reach and impact of the nationalist struggle.
Nationalism and Cultural Identity
Cultural symbols, folklore, and reinterpretation of history played a crucial role in fostering a sense of nationalism. Iconic figures like Bharat Mata and the revival of folk traditions helped unify people across different regions and communities.
Challenges and Limitations
The nationalist movements faced internal conflicts, particularly between different religious and social groups. The Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, aimed to address grievances without alienating any group, yet tensions occasionally surfaced, affecting unity.
The Quit India Movement
Launched in 1942, the Quit India Movement was a direct call for an end to British rule. Despite severe repression, the movement saw massive participation and significantly crippled the colonial administration.
Conclusion
The journey of nationalism in India was marked by diverse voices and complex challenges. The unified struggle against colonial rule, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, brought together different social groups, each with their aspirations for freedom. The legacy of these movements continues to inspire, reflecting the collective spirit and resilience of the Indian people in their pursuit of independence.
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