Gender, Religion and Caste - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 3 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Gender, Religion and Caste | Democratic Politics - II | Social Science | Class 10
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Dr. B.R. Ambedkar belonged to which community?
A) Musahar
B) Mahar
C) Dusadh
D) Chamar
Correct Answer: B) Mahar
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a pivotal figure in Indian history and the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, was a member of the Mahar community. Historically, the Mahars were classified as "untouchables" within the social hierarchy prevalent in the Bombay Presidency. Although the other options listed - Musahar, Dusadh, and Chamar - also pertain to communities considered as "untouchables", Dr. Ambedkar was specifically from the Mahar community.
Is the prayer house of the Jews?
A. Church
B. Kabbalah
C. Synagogue
D. Mosque
The correct answer is C. Synagogue.
Judaism is recognized as the oldest monotheistic religion in the world, advocating the belief in a single God. Those who practice Judaism are referred to as Jews. The place where Jews gather for communal worship and prayer is called a Synagogue. Synagogues are found in many countries, including India.
With reference to the 126th Constitutional Amendment Bill, which of the following statements are correct?
It amends Article 334 to extend reservation only for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to Lok Sabha.
It extended reservation for SC and ST to Lok Sabha for another ten years.
It extended the provision of nominating Anglo-Indians to Lok Sabha.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A) 1 and 2 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1 and 3 only D) 1, 2, and 3
The correct option is A
1 and 2 only
Explanation:
Recently, the 126th Constitutional Amendment Bill was passed by Parliament.
Statement 1 is correct: Article 334 was amended to extend reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. Article 334 initially established that the special provisions for the reservation of seats would cease 10 years after the Constitution's enactment.
Statement 2 is correct: The bill extends these reservations for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and other legislative bodies until January 25, 2030, beyond the original expiration date in 2020.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The bill does not extend the reservation or nomination for the Anglo-Indian community, which was also set to expire on January 25. Additionally, there is no provision in the bill for nominating Anglo-Indians to the Rajya Sabha.
Thus, the correct answer is Option A: 1 and 2 only.
Directions: Study the following information carefully to answer the question given below.
Seven friends - T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are students of a school studying in different standards - VI, VII, and VIII. Not less than two and not more than three students study in each standard. Each of them likes to play a different sport in their spare time, viz., Carrom, Badminton, Chess, Scrabble, Cards, Table Tennis, and Basketball, but not necessarily in the same order. X does not study in standard VI and likes Table Tennis. The one who likes Chess studies in standard VIII. U studies in standard VII only with Y. V likes Carrom and studies in the same standard as W and T. No one studying in standard VI likes Badminton or Cards. W does not like Basketball, and U does not like Cards.
Which sport does Y like? A Scrabble B Cards C Badminton D Chess (E) Cannot be determined
The correct answer is B Cards. Here is how the solution is structured based on the given information:
X likes Table Tennis and does not study in Standard VI. This implies X is either in Standard VII or Standard VIII.
The sport Chess is liked by someone in Standard VIII.
U studies in Standard VII and only with Y, so both U and Y are in Standard VII.
V, who likes Carrom, studies in the same standard as W and T. Since no one in Standard VI likes Badminton or Cards, and the requirement is for at least two people in each standard, this places V, W, and T in Standard VI or VIII. But since X and someone who likes Chess (who must be Z as this is the only remaining option) must be in Standard VIII, V, W, and T must be in Standard VI.
W does not like Basketball and U does not like Cards, which helps to further narrow down the choices as we assign the remaining sports.
Given all the assignments and left-over possibilities, Y likes Cards.
Here’s a summary in tabular form:
Friend | Standard | Sport |
---|---|---|
T | VI | Basketball |
U | VII | Badminton |
V | VI | Carrom |
W | VI | Scrabble |
X | VIII | Table Tennis |
Y | VII | Cards |
Z | VIII | Chess |
Thus, according to this arrangement, Y likes Cards.
Discrimination takes place when one $\qquad$ is given official recognition by the state at the expense of other religions.
A) section
B) religion
C) caste
D) race
The correct answer is B) religion.
Discrimination occurs when one religion is officially recognized by the state to the detriment of other religions. To ensure fairness, it is crucial that all religions are treated equally.
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Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
In India, women face discrimination and disadvantages in various spheres. Literacy rates are lower for women (54%) compared to men (76%), reflecting educational inequalities. In employment, despite working longer hours, women often engage in unpaid labour and earn less than men for similar work, illustrating economic disparity. Politically, women's representation is minimal, with only around 14.36% in the Lok Sabha as of 2019, indicating significant political underrepresentation. Socially and culturally, women often face restrictive norms and are expected to prioritize domestic responsibilities over professional or personal aspirations. Additionally, cases of violence and harassment both within and outside their homes are prevalent, underscoring the pervasive gender-based violence and insecurity.
State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Communal politics manifests in various forms, each influencing society and politics differently:
1. Use of Religious Symbols and Leaders in Politics: Political parties often use religious symbols or align with religious leaders to enhance their appeal among specific religious communities. Example: In electoral campaigns, parties may use religious imagery or slogans to secure votes from particular community members.
2. Formation of Policies Favoring One Religion: When governments create policies that disproportionately favor members of one religion over others, it can lead to communal politics. Example: Some states might enact laws that are more beneficial to the majority religion, affecting the secular fabric of the nation.
3. Communal Violence and Riots: In extreme cases, communal politics can lead to violence and riots between different religious groups. Example: The Gujarat Riots of 2002 were a result of heightened communal tensions among Hindu and Muslim communities.
State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
In India, caste inequalities persist despite laws against discrimination. Economic disparity is closely linked with caste, where upper castes tend to be wealthier, and Dalits and Adivasis occupy the lower economic strata. Occupational opportunities are often influenced by caste, limiting upward mobility for lower castes. Social practices such as untouchability and social exclusion still exist covertly, affecting the dignity and rights of many. Additionally, education and healthcare access remain uneven, disproportionately affecting the lower castes. Political representation is skewed, with upper castes often dominating, affecting policy and resource allocation. Even though legal structures exist to combat these injustices, deep-rooted social norms continue to propagate caste-based inequalities.
State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Diverse Voter Interests: People within the same caste or community have diverse interests based on their economic condition. Rich and poor or men and women from the same caste often vote differently, indicating that personal and immediate socio-economic conditions can influence voting more significantly than caste alone.
Political Performance and Leadership: Voters consider the performance of the government and the popularity of leaders, which are often decisive in elections. This shows that governance and leadership quality can override caste considerations in the electoral decision-making process.
What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
The status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies is generally low. In 2019, the percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha reached 14.36 percent, which is noted as the highest thus far but still remains relatively modest. In state assemblies, women's representation is even lower, at less than 5 percent. This places India in the bottom group of nations worldwide in terms of women’s representation in national legislatures. Efforts such as reservations in local government bodies like panchayats and municipalities, where one-third of the seats are reserved for women, have been implemented, which has led to over a million women serving as elected representatives in local bodies.
Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
India is declared a secular state through its constitution primarily via the following two provisions:
No Official Religion: The Constitution of India does not give a special status to any religion. Unlike certain countries where a state religion is declared, India maintains a policy of equal respect and treatment for all religions.
Freedom of Religion: The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate any religion, or not to follow any. This ensures that the state cannot impose any religion on its citizens. Furthermore, it prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, safeguarding the rights of minorities and promoting a secular ethos.
When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
(a) Biological difference between men and women
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women
(c) Unequal child sex ratio
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
The correct answer is:
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women
This is highlighted by the sexual division of labor and societal expectations where the roles between males and females are distinctively distributed, as explained in the chapter. This division is socially constructed, rather than biologically determined, emphasizing societal norms over biological differences.
In India seats are reserved for women in
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) State legislative assemblies
(c) Cabinets
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
The correct answer is:
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
In India, one-third of seats in local government bodies, such as Panchayats and Municipalities, are reserved for women. This measure has significantly increased the participation of women in these local governance structures.
Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that:
A. One religion is superior to that of others.
B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) A, B, C, and D
(b) A, B, and D
(c) A and C
(d) B and D
Communal politics is characterized by several key beliefs:
A. One religion is superior to that of others.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
These beliefs lead to exclusivity and can incite divisions based on religious identity, often for political advantage. Statement B ("People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens") and statement D ("State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others") are actually contrary to the fundamental nature of communal politics.
Therefore, the correct statements that align with the meaning of communal politics are:
A: One religion is superior to that of others.
C: Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
The answer is:
(c) A and C.
Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It
(a) prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(b) gives official status to one religion.
(c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.
(d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities
The statement about India's Constitution which is wrong is:
(b) gives official status to one by religion.
India's Constitution does not provide official status to any religion, ensuring the state remains secular. All other options (a, c, and d) correctly reflect the provisions of the Constitution concerning religion and discrimination.
Social divisions based on _________ are peculiar to India
Caste divisions are peculiar to India.
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List I | List II |
---|---|
1. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men | A. Communalist |
2. A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community | B. Feminist |
3. A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community | C. Secularist |
4. A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs | D. Castiest |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | B | C | A | D |
(b) | B | A | D | C |
(c) | D | C | A | B |
(d) | C | A | B | D |
The correct match for each term based on the definitions given in the lists can be determined as follows:
A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men should match with Feminist (B).
A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community aligns with Communalist (A).
A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community should match with Castiest (D).
A person who does not discriminate others on the premise of religious beliefs fits with the definition of Secularist (C).
Thus, comparing these matches against the given options:
1 = B (Feminist)
2 = A (Communalist)
3 = D (Castiest)
4 = C (Secularist)
The correct answer is therefore: 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C, which corresponds to option (b) B, A, D, C.
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Understanding Social Diversity in Democracy
What is Social Diversity?
Social diversity encompasses various differences in gender, religion, caste, and other socio-economic factors within a society. It is a testament to the multifaceted nature of human societies. Understanding and embracing social diversity is crucial as it contributes to a richer, more inclusive democracy.
Role of Social Diversity in Strengthening Democracy
The existence of social diversity does not threaten democracy; rather, it enhances political expression and participation. Social differences in a democratic system can foster healthy discussions and promote inclusive governance.
Gender and Politics
Gender Division and Its Implications
Definition of Gender Division
Gender division refers to the hierarchical separation of roles and responsibilities based on gender. This division is observed in every society and is often seen as natural and unchangeable.
Sexual Division of Labor
The sexual division of labour is where women primarily manage household chores and child-rearing responsibilities, while men engage in external work. This stereotype limits women's participation in public life and politics.
Impact on Women's Public and Domestic Roles
Despite women constituting half the human population, their roles in public spheres, particularly in politics, remain minimal. Women's domestic contributions are often undervalued, leading to decreased recognition and opportunities in public arenas.
Feminist Movements
History and Achievements
Feminist movements have been pivotal in advocating for women's rights, including voting rights, equal legal status, and enhanced educational and career opportunities. These movements have challenged traditional norms and aimed at achieving equality in both personal and public life.
Global Perspectives on Women's Political Participation
Countries like Sweden, Norway, and Finland boast high levels of women's participation in public life, serving as examples for other nations aspiring to achieve gender equality.
Case Studies: Scandinavian Countries and Others
In Scandinavian countries, the feminist movement has successfully integrated women into various sectors, including politics, science, and education, achieving substantial gender equality.
Challenges in Women's Political Representation
Current Statistics and Trends
In India, women's representation in legislatures is significantly low. For instance, the percentage of elected women members in the Lok Sabha reached only 14.36% for the first time in 2019.
Barriers to Equality
Women face multiple barriers, including societal norms, lack of educational opportunities, and economic disparities, which hinder their political participation.
Proposed Solutions and Ongoing Efforts
One proposed solution is the reservation of seats for women in legislative bodies. Despite ongoing demands, the bill for reserving one-third of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies remains pending in the Indian Parliament.
Religion, Communalism, and Politics
Intersection of Religion and Politics
Role of Religion in Ethical and Moral Guidance
Religion can provide moral values that guide political actions. Historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi believed that ethics derived from religious teachings could positively influence politics.
Instances of Positive Influence
Instances where religion influenced politics positively include advocating for human rights and protecting religious minorities. Women’s movements have also demanded equitable changes in family laws.
Communalism: A Threat to Democracy
Definition and Ideology of Communalism
Communalism is the belief that religion is the principal basis of social community and should dominate political life. This ideology threatens social cohesion and democratic values.
Historical and Contemporary Examples
Communal politics can lead to violent communal riots and massacres, disrupting the social fabric. India and Pakistan faced severe communal riots during the Partition, and such incidents have continued post-Independence.
Impact on Social Cohesion and Democratic Values
Communalism pits religious communities against each other, undermining the principles of equality and secularism vital for a robust democracy.
Role of Secular State
Constitutional Provisions
India’s Constitution promotes a secular state, ensuring equality for all religions and prohibiting religious discrimination.
Challenges and Solutions to Combat Communalism
Combating communalism requires not just constitutional provisions but also everyday efforts to counter communal prejudices and propaganda.
Caste and Politics
Caste Inequalities in India
Historical Context and Social Hierarchy
India’s caste system is a hereditary social hierarchy that has historically sanctioned social exclusion and discrimination, particularly against 'outcaste' groups.
Reforms and Changes Post-Independence
Efforts by leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and socio-economic changes have led to significant shifts in caste dynamics. Policies promoting urbanization, education, and occupational mobility have weakened the traditional caste hierarchy.
Continued Discrimination and Measures to Combat It
Despite legal reforms, caste-based discrimination persists. Continued efforts are needed to dismantle these inequalities entirely.
Influence of Caste on Political Mobilization
Castes as Vote Banks
Political parties often mobilize voters based on caste, treating them as vote banks to gain electoral advantage. This practice can reinforce caste identities and divisions.
Political Representation and Power Dynamics
Ensuring representation from different castes in government bodies helps address the needs of all communities. However, it can also lead to caste-based politics, diverting attention from pressing issues like poverty and development.
Benefits and Detriments of Caste-Based Politics
While caste-based political mobilization can empower disadvantaged communities, it can also cause conflicts and violence, negatively affecting democratic processes.
Economic Status and Caste Disparities
Economic Inequality Linked to Caste
Caste remains a significant source of economic inequality. Historically, access to resources and education was restricted for lower castes, leaving lasting impacts on economic mobility.
Recent Trends and Data
Modern data show that while economic disparities have lessened, the traditional hierarchy still heavily influences economic status. Upper castes remain disproportionately represented among the wealthy, while lower castes face higher poverty rates.
Policy Recommendations
To achieve true equality, policies must continue to address economic and educational disparities, ensuring fair access to resources for all caste groups.
Conclusion
Summary of Key Points
Understanding and addressing the intersection of gender, religion, and caste is crucial for building a more inclusive and democratic society. Social divisions pose challenges but also offer opportunities for empowerment and progress.
The Way Forward for Gender, Religion, and Caste Issues in India
Education and Awareness
Raising awareness and educating all societal sections about social inequalities can foster more inclusive mindsets.
Legal Reforms and Policy Interventions
Strong legal frameworks and targeted policies are essential to address discrimination and ensure equitable opportunities for all.
Role of Civil Society and Activism
Civil society and activist groups play a crucial role in advocating for the rights of marginalized communities and pushing for necessary societal changes.
By understanding and addressing the intricate dynamics of gender, religion, and caste, we can work towards a more just and democratic society.
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