Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing - Class 12 Biotechnology - Chapter 10 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
Renews every month. Cancel anytime
Your personal doubt-solving assistant
Chatterbot AI gives you 100% accurate answers to your questions in an instant.
Extra Questions - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing | NCERT | Biotechnology | Class 12
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing | NCERT | Biotechnology | Class 12
Differentiate between primary and secondary metabolites on the basis of their functions with example.
Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction of the organism. They are essential for basic cellular functions. For example, amino acids and organic acids serve as building blocks and energy sources.
Secondary metabolites, in contrast, are not directly involved in those processes but have other ecological functions. They often aid in defense, interaction with other organisms, or adaptation to environmental stresses. For example, alkaloids serve as defense chemicals in plants, and antibiotics like penicillin protect against bacterial pathogens.
Explain the challenges encountered during the development of a bioprocess.
In bioprocess development, several challenges arise, including:
Optimizing Nutrient Media: Designing the right nutrient formula tailored for specific cultures to maximize growth and productivity without wastage.
Sterilization: Ensuring a contamination-free environment by sterilizing media, bioreactors, and tools which is crucial for process integrity.
Scaling-Up: Adapting laboratory conditions to industrial scales while maintaining efficiency and product quality poses significant technical challenges.
Parameter Optimization: Adjusting and controlling parameters like temperature, pH, and aeration to ensure optimal culture conditions.
Economic Viability: Balancing operational costs with the efficiency of the bioprocess to ensure profitability.
These complexities require a great deal of precision and control to achieve successful outcomes in bioprocessing.
Describe briefly the design and components of a typical bioreactor and their applications.
A bioreactor is an engineered vessel facilitating a biologically active environment for cultivating cells under optimal conditions. Key components include:
Agitator shaft with impeller: Ensures uniform mixing, distributing nutrients and oxygen.
Sparger: Delivers sterilized air to support cell respiration.
Baffle: Prevents vortex formation, stabilizing the system.
Jacket: Maintains desired temperature by circulating water.
Sensors and controllers: Monitor and adjust parameters like temperature and pH.
Bioreactors are essential in bioprocessing for producing biotechnological products such as antibiotics, vaccines, and enzymes, ensuring high efficiency and quality.
Explain the basic operational stages of a bioprocess using concept map.
Basic Operational Stages of a Bioprocess: Concept Map
Upstream Processing
Media Formulation: Optimize nutritional conditions using suitable artificial media.
Sterilization: Ensure media, bioreactor, and tools are sterile.
Inoculum Production: Develop pure, healthy, and active culture in sufficient quantities.
Optimization of Conditions: Set environmental conditions (temperature, pH) for growth and product formation.
Downstream Processing
Extraction and Recovery: Separate and purify the product from the culture.
Effluent Disposal: Manage waste from the bioprocess.
These stages are crucial for efficient bioprocess operation from raw materials to final product formation.
Describe briefly the following:
(a) upstream processing
(b) downstream processing
(a) Upstream Processing: It encompasses all steps related to preparing and managing the initial stages of a bioprocess. This involves the formulation of nutrient media, sterilization of the media, bioreactors, and tools, as well as the production of a healthy and viable inoculum. Key conditions like temperature, pH, and aeration are optimized to support growth and product formation using cultivated cells. This phase is critical as it sets the stage for efficient and successful downstream processing by ensuring optimal growth and productivity of the biological culture.
(b) Downstream Processing: This phase includes the recovery and purification of biochemicals produced during upstream processing. Techniques involve solid-liquid separation, centrifugation, filtration, dialysis, and chromatography to isolate and purify the desired product. The objective is to achieve a high yield and quality of the final product while maintaining cost-effectiveness and efficiency. It ends with suitable preparation for product storage, distribution, and disposal of waste generated during the process. This stage is vital to ensure the products meet the required standards for commercial distribution and application.
Explain the recovery and purification process of an intracellular product with the help of a flow diagram.
Recovery and Purification of Intracellular Product
Recovery and purification of an intracellular product typically involve several steps as outlined in the flowchart below:
Cell Harvesting: Cells are collected, often by centrifugation or filtration.
Cell Disruption: Cells are broken using physical (like bead milling), chemical (e.g., detergents), or enzymatic methods to release intracellular contents.
Solid-Liquid Separation: Solids (cell debris) are separated from the liquid containing the product using centrifugation or filtration.
Product Extraction: Desired product is extracted from the solution using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction.
Purification: Further purification is carried out via methods like chromatography or dialysis to achieve the required purity.
🔹 Cell Harvesting 🡆 Cell Disruption 🡆 Solid-Liquid Separation 🡆 Product Extraction 🡆 Purification 🔹
Write short notes on the following:
(a) reverse osmosis
(b) dialysis
(a) Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Reverse osmosis is a pressure-driven membrane separation process used to separate soluble contaminants from a solvent, typically water, by forcing it through a semi-permeable membrane. Water molecules pass through the membrane, while dissolved salts and other impurities are retained and discharged separately. This process requires a pressure that is higher than the osmotic pressure of the feed solution and is commonly employed for desalination, water purification, and in producing potable water from brackish or seawater.
(b) Dialysis
Dialysis is a separation technique used for removing low molecular weight solutes like organic acids and inorganic ions from a solution by allowing them to pass through a selective permeable membrane. Used extensively in medical applications, particularly in artificial kidney devices to remove waste substances like urea from blood. In dialysis, solutes diffuse across a membrane, driven by their concentration gradients, until equilibrium is reached, effectively cleansing the fluid on one side of the membrane while retaining the desired larger molecules on the other.
Match the following:
(a) Agitator | (i) Breaking the vortex formation |
(b) Sparger | (ii) Provides area for circulation of water of desired temperature |
(c) Baffle | (iii) Helps in mixing the contents |
(d) Jacket | (iv) Provides adequate and continuous supply of air |
(a) Agitator | (iii) Helps in mixing the contents |
(b) Sparger | (iv) Provides adequate and continuous supply of air |
(c) Baffle | (i) Breaking the vortex formation |
(d) Jacket | (ii) Provides area for circulation of water of desired temperature |
A culture in a closed vessel to which no additional medium is added is called ___________________ culture.
(a) Continuous
(b) Batch
(c) Fed-batch
(d) Semi continuous
A culture in a closed vessel to which no additional medium is added is called a batch culture. Therefore, the correct answer is:
(b) Batch
Assertion: Secondary metabolites are used in defense against pathogens, phytoplanktons, improving tolerance to abiotic, etc.
Reason: Secondary metabolites are intermediate or indirect products.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Explanation: The assertion is true as secondary metabolites indeed have roles in defense, stress tolerance, and other ecological interactions as mentioned in the chapter. The reason is also true; secondary metabolites are produced through pathways that are not directly involved in the primary metabolic processes essential for survival. However, the fact that they are intermediate or indirect products does not explain their role in defense or stress tolerance. These roles are due to the specific chemical properties and biological activities of the secondary metabolites, not merely their status as metabolic intermediates.
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINotes - Flashcards - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing | Class 12 NCERT | Biotechnology
Notes - Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing | Class 12 NCERT | Biotechnology
Comprehensive Class 12 Notes on Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing
Introduction to Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing
Bioprocessing and biomanufacturing are pivotal in the creation of numerous essential products through the use of biological systems and organisms. At the heart of these processes are metabolites, classified as either primary or secondary. Primary metabolites are directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction, whereas secondary metabolites have more specialised roles, including defence against pathogens and pests.
Historical Perspective on Bioprocessing
The groundbreaking discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked a significant milestone in bioprocessing. Fleming's observation of a mould (Penicillium notatum) inhibiting bacterial growth on a contaminated petri dish led to the development of Penicillin, the first antibiotic. This discovery not only saved countless lives but also paved the way for modern bioprocessing techniques.
Instrumentation in Bioprocessing: Bioreactor and Fermenter Design
What is a Bioreactor?
A bioreactor is an engineered vessel designed to cultivate cells under optimal conditions, supporting the biochemical processes involved in biomanufacturing. These vessels ensure a sterile environment, adequate air supply, and uniform mixing of nutrients and cells.
Key Components of a Bioreactor
- Agitator Shaft: Mixes the contents to provide better nutrient and oxygen distribution.
- Sparger: Supplies sterilised air to the cells.
- Baffle: Prevents vortex formation, ensuring efficient mixing.
- Jacket: Maintains the optimal temperature for cell growth.
- Sensitivity Probes: Measure temperature and pH levels.
- Digital Controller: Monitors and adjusts process parameters.
graph TB
A[Agitator Shaft] --> B[Sparger]
A --> C[Baffle]
A --> D[Jacket]
D --> E[Sensitivity Probes]
F[Digital Controller] --> D
F --> E
Operational Stages of Bioprocess
Upstream Processing
Upstream processing involves preparing the environment and conditions for optimal cell growth and product formation. This includes:
- Nutritional Optimisation: Developing suitable media formulations.
- Sterilisation: Ensuring all equipment and media are free from contamination.
- Inoculum Production: Cultivating healthy, active microorganisms.
- Environmental Condition Optimisation: Regulating temperature, pH, and aeration.
Downstream Processing
Downstream processing aims to extract and purify the desired product. This includes:
- Extraction and Recovery: Separating the product from the culture fluid.
- Purification: Using techniques such as dialysis, chromatography, and membrane separation to isolate the product.
Modes of Bioprocess Operation
Batch Mode
In a batch mode, all nutrients are supplied at the beginning, and the process runs without further additions until completion.
Fed-Batch Mode
Fed-batch mode involves the intermittent or continuous addition of nutrients during the bioprocess to sustain cell growth and productivity.
Continuous Mode
In continuous mode, fresh nutrients are continuously supplied, and used media are simultaneously removed, maintaining a steady state of production.
graph BT
subgraph Batch Mode
BA[Fixed Initial Nutrients]
BB[Growth and Product Formation]
BC[Termination]
end
subgraph Fed-Batch Mode
FA[Initial Nutrients]
FB[Intermittent Nutrient Addition]
FC[Continual Growth and Product]
end
subgraph Continuous Mode
CA[Fresh Nutrients Supply]
CB[Used Media Removal]
CC[Steady State Production]
end
Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing of Desired Products
Bioprocessing has revolutionised the production of various valuable products such as antibiotics, alcohols, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, and plant alkaloids. Here are some examples:
Antibiotics
Penicillin, the first antibiotic, is produced using the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Other antibiotics have since been developed from different microbial sources.
Alcohols
Yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used in the fermentation of cereals and fruit juices to produce ethanol, resulting in products like beer and wine.
Amino Acids and Vitamins
Mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum are employed for the large-scale production of amino acids like lysine and glutamic acid. Microorganisms also facilitate the production of vitamins such as Vitamin B12 and riboflavin.
Enzymes
Fungal species like Aspergillus niger are used in the commercial production of enzymes like proteases and pectinases, which have applications in the food and leather industries.
Sterilisation in Bioprocessing
Maintaining a contamination-free environment is crucial for successful bioprocessing. Sterilisation methods include:
- Sterilising nutrient media and bioreactor vessels.
- Sterilising all materials introduced into the bioreactor.
- Maintaining aseptic conditions throughout the process.
Supplying Oxygen in Bioreactors
Oxygen is vital for the growth and metabolism of aerobic microorganisms. Bioreactors use spargers and agitators to ensure sufficient oxygen supply and distribution. The challenge is maintaining the dissolved oxygen levels required for optimal cell growth without causing shear stress.
Commonly Used Microorganisms in Bioprocessing
Microorganisms used in bioprocessing must exhibit qualities like rapid growth, high yield, adaptability, and resistance to contaminants. Commonly used microorganisms include:
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
- Aspergillus niger (fungus)
- Corynebacterium glutamicum (bacterium)
Environmental Requirements for Successful Bioprocess
Key factors influencing bioprocess success include:
- Temperature Control: Optimised according to the needs of specific microorganisms.
- pH Control: Maintained using digital controllers and probes to ensure optimal growth conditions.
Techniques Used in Downstream Processing
Filtration
Used for separating large particles and cell biomass from the culture fluid. Continuous rotary filters are commonly employed in industrial settings.
Centrifugation
Efficient for separating particles from liquid mediums.
Cell Disruption
Techniques such as high-speed milling, homogenisation, and ultrasonic vibrations are used to release intracellular products.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Separation of desired components using a suitable solvent.
Chromatography and Membrane Separation
Used for purification of the final product. Methods include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis.
graph TD
subgraph Extraction
E1[Extraction]
E2[Filtration]
E3[Centrifugation]
end
subgraph Purification
P1[Cell Disruption]
P2[Liquid-Liquid Extraction]
P3[Chromatography]
P4[Membrane Separation]
end
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biomanufacturing
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of human insulin and other recombinant proteins by expressing a gene of interest in a host organism, which is then cultivated on a large scale.
Conclusion
Bioprocessing and biomanufacturing are integral to producing a wide range of essential products. By understanding and optimising the various stages and techniques of bioprocessing, we can harness the power of biological systems to meet the growing demands of society.
🚀 Learn more about Notes with Chatterbot AI