Animal Kingdom - Class 11 Biology - Chapter 4 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
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Extra Questions - Animal Kingdom | NCERT | Biology | Class 11
A student sees a salamander and calls it a lizard. How will you explain to him that the two are different?
To explain the difference between a salamander and a lizard to a student, you can use several distinguishing features:
External Ear Openings: Lizards typically have visible external ear openings, unlike salamanders.
Toes: Lizards have clawed toes, which are not present in salamanders.
Skin Texture: Lizards are reptiles with dry scales or scutes covering their bodies. In contrast, salamanders, which are amphibians, have moist skins.
Classification: Salamanders belong to the amphibian class, necessitating a moist environment for survival, whereas lizards are reptiles and adapted to drier environments.
By focusing on these distinctive traits, the student can easily differentiate between the two creatures.
Kingdom Animalia is divided into eight phyla.
A) True
B) False
Solution
The correct answer is B) False.
Kingdom Animalia is not divided into eight phyla, but rather into ten phyla. These phyla include:
- Porifera
- Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
- Platyhelminthes
- Nematoda
- Annelida
- Arthropoda
- Mollusca
- Echinodermata
- Protochordata
- Vertebrata
Identify an appropriate noun for the blank. The _____, who was afraid of cats, was left behind by the others.
A. Mice
B. Rodents
C. Mouse
D. Rats
The correct answer is C. Mouse.
Explanation: The sentence needs a singular noun to match with "was left behind." The only singular noun option that fits contextually is "mouse." Thus, the sentence reads: $$ \text{The \underline{mouse}, who was afraid of cats, was left behind by the others.} $$
"Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos, who typically cook the meat in a heavily spiced stew."
A. it is still prized as a game animal
B. it is still prized as game animals
C. they are still prized as game animals
D. they are still prized as being a game animal
The correct answer is C. they are still prized as game animals.
Here's the breakdown of the solution:
- The sentence begins by talking about "Iguanas," which is a plural noun. Consequently, the pronoun used to refer to "Iguanas" in the following clauses must also be in the plural form. Thus, options A and B are incorrect as they use the singular pronoun "it".
- Between the remaining options C and D, the correct grammatical structure must maintain the plural consistency and proper phrase utilization.
- Option D, "they are still prized as being a game animal," is awkward and introduces an unnecessary form "being," which complicates the straightforward expression found in option C.
- Furthermore, the phrase "prized as game animals" directly and correctly relates the noun "Iguanas" to the phrase, maintaining the plural form throughout, which is grammatically coherent.
Thus, the answer is C. they are still prized as game animals.
This animal moves with the help of its flippers, gliding smoothly in water. Which animal is this?
A) Tortoise B) Octopus C) Turtle D) Fish
Solution
The correct answer is C) Turtle.
Turtles are similar to tortoises but differ mainly because they are equipped with flippers rather than thick legs, adapting them for life primarily in aquatic environments.
Identify the snake species found in the Amazon rainforest:
A) Anaconda
B) Boa constrictor
The correct options are:
- A) Anaconda
- B) Boa constrictor
Both the Anaconda and Boa constrictor are snake species native to the Amazon rainforest. Other creatures in the Amazon include the piranhas, known for being flesh-eating fish, and tapirs, which primarily feed on ants. Thus, for the question of identifying snake species in the Amazon, Anaconda and Boa constrictor are the accurate responses.
Which of the following characters are found in mammals?
A. Hair
B. Mammary gland
C. Air-sack
D. Both A and B
In the study of mammals, two distinctive features are prominent:
Hair: All mammals have hair at some point in their life cycle, providing insulation and serving various sensory and protective functions.
Mammary glands: These glands are crucial for nourishing young through the production of milk, a defining characteristic of mammals.
These features are instrumental in defining the mammalian class. Considering the options provided:
Option A (Hair): Correct, as all mammals possess hair.
Option B (Mammary gland): Also correct, as mammary glands are essential for feeding young mammals.
Given this information, the correct answer is:
Option D (Both A and B): Both hair and mammary glands are characteristics found in mammals, making this the best choice.
Thus, the features of hair and mammary glands together distinctly define mammals, confirming that Option D is the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a member of phylum Arthropoda?
A. Housefly
B. Earthworm
C. Shrimp
D. Cockroach
The question asks for the organism that is not a member of the Phylum Arthropoda. Phylum Arthropoda is characterized by organisms that have a chitinous exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages.
Housefly (Option A)
Shrimp (Option C)
Cockroach (Option D)
All the above options are indeed part of the Phylum Arthropoda. Houseflies, shrimps, and cockroaches all have chitinous exoskeletons and jointed legs, which are classic characteristics of arthropods.
Earthworm (Option B)
Earthworms, however, are classified under the Phylum Annelida. Annelids are characterized primarily by their segmented bodies, but they do not have a chitinous exoskeleton or jointed appendages. Instead, earthworms have a more flexible structure typical of worms.
Therefore, the correct answer is: $$ \text{B. Earthworm} $$ Earthworms are not a member of the Phylum Arthropoda.
Which of the following statement refers to the 'Gait' of an animal?
Option 1) Manner of nutrition in animals.
Option 2) Manner of movement
Option 3) Manner of reproduction
Option 4) The habitat of animals
The correct option is B: Manner of movement
Gait refers to the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals and humans during locomotion. Muscles and bones assist in the movement of animals. Specifically, the pattern of limb movement in animals is what defines gait. The gait of smaller animals tends to differ from that of larger ones.
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Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Animal Kingdom | NCERT | Biology | Class 11
What are the difficulties that you would face in classification of animals, if common fundamental features are not taken into account?
Without accounting for common fundamental features, the classification of animals would face significant difficulties such as:
1. Inconsistency - Different criteria may lead to various groupings, causing confusion.
2. Lack of Systematic Position – Newly discovered species would not have a clear classification.
3. Complex Comparisons – Comparing vastly different organisms without a common basis is impractical.
4. Redundancy – Duplication in group identification due to lack of standard features.
5. Inefficiency – Absence of clear guidelines would make classification laborious and prone to errors.
If you are given a specimen, what are the steps that you would follow to classify it?
To classify a specimen:
1. Observe the external structure: Determine general morphology and symmetry (radial, bilateral, or asymmetry).
2. Examine cellular organization: Assess the level of cell organization (cellular, tissue, organ, or organ-system level).
3. Check embryonic layers: Identify if it's diploblastic or triploblastic.
4. Identify coelom: Determine if it has a coelom, pseudocoelom, or is acoelomate.
5. Look for segmentation: Check if the body is segmented.
6. Notochord presence: Determine if it has a notochord, indicating chordates.
These steps help systematically classify the specimen into its respective phylum or class.
How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?
The study of the nature of the body cavity and coelom is crucial in animal classification as it helps distinguish between different groups. Coelomates have a true coelom lined by mesoderm, found in phyla like Annelida and Chordata. Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity partially lined by mesoderm, seen in Aschelminthes. Acoelomates lack a coelom, as in Platyhelminthes. Understanding these distinctions provides insights into the evolutionary complexity and functional adaptations of various animal groups.
Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
Intracellular digestion occurs within the cells, mainly in unicellular organisms like amoebas. Food particles are engulfed into food vacuoles and digestive enzymes break down the food inside the cells. Extracellular digestion, on the other hand, happens outside the cells, typically within a digestive cavity or system. Enzymes are secreted into the cavity to break down the food externally, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed by the cells. Multicellular organisms, such as humans, predominantly use extracellular digestion.
What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
Direct development occurs when the offspring resemble the adult form right from birth or hatching, undergoing minor changes as they grow. This means there is no larval stage. Indirect development, on the other hand, involves a distinct larval stage that looks different from the adult. The larvae undergo significant metamorphosis to become adults. Examples: Frogs exhibit indirect development, wherein tadpoles transform into frogs, while humans exhibit direct development, with babies growing into adults without a larval stage.
What are the peculiar features that you find in parasitic platyhelminthes?
Parasitic platyhelminthes, or flatworms, exhibit several peculiar features. They have hooks and suckers for attachment to their hosts, facilitating parasitism. Their dorso-ventrally flattened body aids in fitting within host tissues. Absorption of nutrients occurs directly through their body surface, bypassing the need for a complex digestive system. Flame cells are specialized structures that assist in excretion and osmoregulation. Additionally, these organisms possess high regenerative capacity, crucial for recovering from damage within their host environment.
What are the reasons that you can think of for the arthropods to constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
Arthropods constitute the largest group in the animal kingdom due to their high adaptability to diverse environments, including terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial habitats. They possess jointed appendages and an exoskeleton made of chitin, which provides protection and support. Their segmented bodies allow specialized functions for different segments. Additionally, their high reproductive capacity and the ability to undergo metamorphosis enable them to exploit various ecological niches and reduce competition between life stages.
Water vascular system is the characteristic of which group of the following:
(a) Porifera
(b) Ctenophora
(c) Echinodermata
(d) Chordata
The water vascular system is a characteristic feature of the phylum Echinodermata (option (c)). This unique system is integral to their locomotion, respiration, food transportation, and feeding mechanisms. The water vascular system consists of a network of fluid-filled canals and tube feet that facilitate movement and other vital functions. Unlike Porifera, Ctenophora, or Chordata, the water vascular system is exclusive to echinoderms, such as starfish and sea urchins, distinguishing them within the animal kingdom.
"All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates". Justify the statement.
All vertebrates are chordates because they possess key chordate features like a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits during embryonic development. However, not all chordates are vertebrates. Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata (protochordates) are examples of chordates that do not develop a vertebral column. Urochordates have a notochord only in their larval stage, while Cephalochordates retain it throughout life, but neither develops into a vertebral column like vertebrates.
How important is the presence of air bladder in Pisces?
The presence of an air bladder in Pisces is crucial for regulating buoyancy. By adjusting the volume of gas within the air bladder, fish can maintain or change their position in the water column without expending significant energy. This allows for efficient swimming and aids in stability when stationary. Notably, this structure is absent in Chondrichthyes, which must swim continuously to avoid sinking, highlighting the air bladder's critical role in buoyancy management for many bony fish in Osteichthyes.
What are the modifications that are observed in birds that help them fly?
Birds exhibit several modifications to aid in flight. Feathers provide insulation and aid in aerodynamics. The forelimbs are transformed into wings for flying. Their bones are hollow and lightweight, reducing body weight while maintaining strength. The sternum (breastbone) is keeled, providing an attachment point for powerful flight muscles. Additionally, the high metabolic rate and efficient respiratory system, including air sacs, ensure a continuous supply of oxygen during flight. These adaptations collectively enable birds to fly efficiently.
Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
The number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother is typically not equal due to differences in reproductive strategies. Oviparous animals lay a large number of eggs to ensure the survival of a few, as many eggs may be lost to predators or environmental conditions. In contrast, viviparous animals usually have fewer offspring since these are carried and nurtured internally, leading to greater chances of survival but requiring significant maternal investment.
Segmentation in the body is first observed in which of the following:
(a) Platyhelminthes
(b) Aschelminthes
(c) Annelida
(d) Arthropoda
Segmentation in the body is first observed in Annelida. These animals exhibit metameric segmentation, where their body is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres. This segmentation is both external and internal, with a serial repetition of organs in each segment. Examples include earthworms and leeches. This feature is an essential advancement in body organization, allowing for more efficient movement and specialization of body parts. None of the other options (Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, or Arthropoda) exhibit segmentation as primitively as Annelida.
Match the following:
Feature | Group |
---|---|
(a) Operculum | (i) Ctenophora |
(b) Parapodia | (ii) Mollusca |
(c) Scales | (iii) Porifera |
(d) Comb plates | (iv) Reptilia |
(e) Radula | (v) Annelida |
(f) Hairs | (vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes |
(g) Choanocytes | (vii) Mammalia |
(h) Gill slits | (viii) Osteichthyes |
Match the following:
Feature | Group |
---|---|
(a) Operculum | (viii) Osteichthyes |
(b) Parapodia | (v) Annelida |
(c) Scales | (iv) Reptilia |
(d) Comb plates | (i) Ctenophora |
(e) Radula | (ii) Mollusca |
(f) Hairs | (vii) Mammalia |
(g) Choanocytes | (iii) Porifera |
(h) Gill slits | (vi) Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes |
Prepare a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings.
Here is a list of some animals that are found parasitic on human beings:
1. Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm) - Causes ascariasis.
2. Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm) - Leads to taeniasis and cysticercosis.
3. Plasmodium spp. - Responsible for malaria.
4. Wuchereria bancrofti (Filarial Worm) - Causes lymphatic filariasis.
5. Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) - Causes ancylostomiasis.
6. Pediculus humanus capitis (Head Lice) - Infests the scalp.
7. Scabies Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) - Causes scabies.
These parasites affect various systems like the digestive, circulatory, and integumentary systems.
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Comprehensive Class 11 Biology Notes on Animal Kingdom
Introduction to Animal Kingdom
The animal kingdom is a diverse and complex group of multicellular organisms that play crucial roles in ecosystems and human lives. With over a million species described so far, classification becomes essential. This classification aids in organising animals into a systematic structure, making it easier to study and understand new and existing species.
Basis of Classification
Levels of Organisation
Despite the variety in animal structures and forms, there are fundamental organisational patterns. These levels of organisation range from cellular to organ-system levels.
- Cellular Level: Seen in sponges where cells are loosely aggregated.
- Tissue Level: Observed in coelenterates where cells performing the same function form tissues.
- Organ Level: Found in Platyhelminthes where tissues organise into organs.
- Organ-System Level: Seen in complex animals such as annelids and chordates with organs forming functional systems.
Symmetry
Animals can be classified based on body symmetry:
- Radial Symmetry: Body parts arranged around a central axis, seen in coelenterates and echinoderms.
- Bilateral Symmetry: Body can be divided into identical left and right halves, common in arthropods and mammals.
- Asymmetry: No symmetry, as seen in sponges.
Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation
- Diploblastic Animals: Have two germ layers—ectoderm and endoderm—with mesoglea in between. Example: Coelenterates.
- Triploblastic Animals: Have three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Examples: From platyhelminthes to chordates.
Coelom
The presence or absence of a body cavity (coelom) is crucial for classification:
- Coelomates: Animals with a body cavity lined by mesoderm. Examples: Annelids, molluscs.
- Pseudocoelomates: Body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm. Example: Aschelminthes.
- Acoelomates: No body cavity. Example: Platyhelminthes.
Segmentation
In some animals, the body is divided into repetitive segments called metameres. This segmentation is evident in annelids like earthworms and is known as metamerism.
Notochord
A notochord is a rod-like structure derived from mesoderm, present on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals. Animals with a notochord are chordates.
Detailed Classification of Animals
Phylum - Porifera
- Characteristics: Marine, asymmetrical animals with cellular level of organisation. Have a water transport system.
- Examples: Sycon, Spongilla.
Phylum - Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
- Features: Aquatic, radially symmetrical with tissue level of organisation. Have cnidoblasts for defence and prey capture.
- Examples: Hydra, Aurelia.
Phylum - Ctenophora
- Unique Attributes: Marine, radially symmetrical with eight rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotion.
- Examples: Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana.
Phylum - Platyhelminthes
- Description: Flatworms, bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. Mostly parasitic.
- Examples: Taenia, Fasciola.
Phylum - Aschelminthes
- Characteristics: Roundworms, bilaterally symmetrical with a pseudocoelom. Have a complete digestive system.
- Examples: Ascaris, Wuchereria.
Phylum - Annelida
- Features: Segmented worms with a true coelom. Organ-system level of organisation.
- Examples: Earthworm, Leeches.
Phylum - Arthropoda
- Key Attributes: Largest phylum with jointed appendages. Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton.
- Examples: Insects, Spiders, Crabs.
Phylum - Mollusca
- Characteristics: Soft-bodied animals, often with a calcareous shell. Have a distinct head, muscular foot, and visceral hump.
- Examples: Snails, Octopus.
Phylum - Echinodermata
- Distinctive Features: Marine animals with spiny skin and a water vascular system for movement and feeding.
- Examples: Starfish, Sea Urchins.
Phylum - Hemichordata
- Unique Attributes: Marine, worm-like animals with a proboscis, collar, and trunk. Have open circulatory systems.
- Examples: Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus.
Phylum - Chordata
- Fundamental Characteristics: Presence of a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits.
- Examples: Vertebrates like fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Summary
Understanding the animal kingdom's classification helps in comprehending the diversity of animal life. From cellular organisations in sponges to complex organ systems in mammals, each phylum has unique characteristics. This broad classification, based on fundamental features like symmetry, levels of organisation, coelom, segmentation, and the presence of a notochord, provides a systematic approach to studying the animal world.
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