Development - Class 10 Social Science - Chapter 1 - Notes, NCERT Solutions & Extra Questions
Renews every month. Cancel anytime
Your personal doubt-solving assistant
Chatterbot AI gives you 100% accurate answers to your questions in an instant.
Extra Questions - Development | Understanding Economic Development | Social Science | Class 10
Each question below has blanks indicating that something has been omitted. Choose the set of word(s) that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
Few professions can ______the sheer variety and constant __________of being a doctor.
A. like, struggle
B. share, enthusiast
C. match, challenge
D. draw, work-load
E. justify, exception
Option C is the correct choice, which contains the words "match" and "challenge".
Few professions can _match_ the sheer variety and constant _challenge_ of being a doctor.
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AIExtra Questions and Answers - Development | Understanding Economic Development | Social Science | Class 10
Economic backwardness of a region is (1) characterized by the coexistence of unutilized (2) resources on the one hand and (3) natural resources on the other. Economic development essentially means a process of (4) change whereby the real capita income of an economy (5) increases over a period of time. Then a simple but meaningful question arises: what causes economic development? Or what makes a country developed? This question has absorbed the (6) attention of scholars of socio-economic changes for decades. Going through the (7) history of developed countries like America, Russia, and Japan, man is essentially found as (8) involved in the process of economic development. Japan, whose economy was (9) damaged from the ravages of the 2nd World War, is the example of our time to (10) play a key role in economic development.
What would come in the place of (1)?
A Developed
B Cured
C Improved
D Enhanced
E Characterized
The correct answer is E) Characterized.
In this context, the term 'characterized' is aptly used to describe how economic backwardness manifests in a region, which features both untapped resources and abundant natural resources. This term accurately connects these characteristics to the concept of economic development, making 'Characterized' the most suitable choice for (1).
Sort the following events about the transformation of an individual into a valuable resource due to education:
A. Education
B. Skill betterment
C. Technical skills
D. Employment
E. Living standard
To organize the events that outline the transformation of an individual into a valuable resource through education, we can sequence them as follows:
A. Education - Education plays a pivotal role as the first step. It unlocks the raw potential of an individual.
B. Skill betterment - Post-education, individuals enhance their general skills, preparing for more specialized opportunities.
C. Technical skills - After improving general skills, individuals gain specific technical skills, making them more marketable and competent in the job market.
D. Employment - With a solid foundation of education and skillset, individuals are more appealing to employers, leading to better employment opportunities.
E. Living standard - Finally, securing a good job enables an individual to improve their standard of living by earning a stable income.
Thus, the sequence A (Education) → B (Skill betterment) → C (Technical skills) → D (Employment) → E (Living standard) demonstrates how education is instrumental in transforming potential into prosperity.
Which of the following canals is considered to be an important link between developed countries and developing countries?
A. Panama Canal
B. Suez Canal
C. Kiel Canal
D. Grand Canal
E. None of the above
The correct answer is B. Suez Canal.
The Suez Canal is recognized as a crucial conduit connecting developed countries and developing countries. This strategic waterway enables more efficient transport of goods between these regions, thus facilitating international trade and economic cooperation.
Which of the following helps us to live an independent, useful, and enriching life?
A) Eating junk food
B) Playing video games
C) Developing our skills
D) Fighting with siblings
The correct answer is C) Developing our skills.
Developing our skills is essential for leading an independent, useful, and enriching life. Recognizing and improving our abilities allows us to be more versatile and capable in various aspects of life. This developmental process is especially crucial during our formative years when we are most able to learn and adapt.
Economic backwardness of a region is (1) by the coexistence of unutilized (2) on the one hand and (3) natural resources on the other. Economic development essentially means a process of (4) change whereby the real capita income of an economy (5) over a period of time. Then a simple but meaningful question arises; what causes economic development? Or what makes a country developed? This question has absorbed the (6) of scholars of socio-economic changes for decades. Going through the (7) history of developed countries like America, Russia, and Japan, man is essentially found as (8) in the process of economic development. Japan, whose economy was (9) damaged from the ravages of the 2nd World War, is the example of our time to (10) kingdom role in economic development.
What would be in place of (7)?
A Existing
B Glorious
C) Ancient
D Economic
E Discouraging
The correct answer is D) Economic.
'Economic' appropriately fits in the context of the passage, referring specifically to the type of development being discussed.
What type of development took place in science?
Development in Science
Aryabhatta's Contributions
Rotation of the Earth:
Aryabhatta proposed that the day and night cycle is caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
Explanation for Eclipses:
He provided a scientific explanation for eclipses, delineating the mechanisms behind these phenomena.
Circumference of a Circle:
Aryabhatta developed a method to calculate the circumference of a circle.
Aryabhatiyam:
This scholar authored the seminal work 'Aryabhatiyam' in Sanskrit, which discussed various astronomical and mathematical principles.
Invention of Special Symbols:
During Aryabhatta’s era, special mathematical symbols were invented in India, further advancing the field of mathematics.
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINCERT Solutions - Development | Understanding Economic Development | Social Science | Class 10
Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above
Development of a country can generally be determined by:
(iv) all the above
This includes its per capita income, its average literacy level, and health status of its people. These factors together provide a comprehensive picture of a nation's development.
Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
According to the given text, Sri Lanka is mentioned as being much ahead of India in every respect regarding human development. Therefore, the neighbouring country that has a better performance in terms of human development than India is:
(ii) Sri Lanka.
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs 6000
To solve this problem, we use the concept of average income.
Average Income is calculated by the formula:
$$ \text{Average Income} = \frac{\text{Total Income of all families}}{\text{Number of families}} $$
Given:
Average income per family = Rs 5000
Total number of families = 4
Income of three families = Rs 4000, Rs 7000, Rs 3000.
Let's denote the income of the fourth family as $x $.
According to the formula: $$5000 = \frac{4000 + 7000 + 3000 + x}{4} $$
First, calculate the sum of the incomes of the given three families: $$4000 + 7000 + 3000 = 14000 $$
Plugging this sum into the formula gives: $$ 5000 = \frac{14000 + x}{4}$$
Multiply both sides by 4 to solve for $ x $: $$20000 = 14000 + x $$ $$ x = 20000 - 14000 $$ $$ x = 6000 $$
Therefore, the income of the fourth family is Rs 6000.
So, the correct answer is: (iv) Rs 6000.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income. This classification helps in determining whether a country is low, middle, or high income.
Limitations of Per Capita Income Criterion:
Does Not Reflect Inequalities: Per capita income is an average measure that does not account for income distribution within a country. A high per capita income might mask significant income disparities and poverty.
Ignores Non-Monetary Factors: This measure fails to account for non-monetary aspects of development such as health, education, and quality of life, which are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of a country's development.
Does Not Indicate Quality of Life: Higher income does not necessarily translate into better quality of life, as it does not consider factors like environmental sustainability, access to public services, or social cohesion.
These limitations suggest that while useful, per capita income alone is insufficient for a complete assessment of development status.
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) uses the Human Development Index (HDI) to measure development, which includes health, education, and income as the criteria. This approach emphasizes a broader understanding of development by incorporating education levels of the people, their health status, and per capita income.
On the other hand, the World Bank primarily uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development. This method primarily focuses on the economic aspect of development, assessing the average income which can be indicative of the standard of living but may not fully reflect the multidimensional aspects of human development such as health and education.
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Averages are used for simplicity and clarity when summarizing data and making comparisons among different sets of data. They provide a quick snapshot that can be easily understood and communicated. However, averages have limitations; they can obscure disparities within the data. For example, two countries might have the same average income, but one may have widespread income equality while the other has significant income disparities. This misrepresents individual experiences within each country, suggesting a uniformity that doesn't exist. Thus, while averages are helpful for initial comparisons, they need to be complemented with other measures to accurately reflect development complexities and ensure a fairer description of reality.
Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Per capita income is an important, but incomplete, indicator of development. It measures the average income of individuals in a state or country, reflecting economic aspects of development. However, human development is a multi-dimensional concept that includes not only economic factors but also social and health factors.
Kerala's better human development ranking despite lower per capita income than Haryana highlights the importance of looking at a broader range of indicators. Kerala excels in indicators like health and education, which significantly influence human development. For example, Kerala has higher literacy rates and lower infant mortality rates compared to many other states including Haryana.
Therefore, while per capita income provides valuable insights into one aspect of development, it should not be the sole criterion.
Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
In India, the present sources of energy primarily include coal, crude oil, and natural gas constituting the significant share, alongside considerable use of hydroelectric power and traditional biomass for cooking and heating. The country is also expanding its solar and wind energy production due to its vast potential and sustainability.
Looking ahead fifty years from now, the energy landscape could see a drastic transformation. Enhanced solar and wind capacity, further supported by advancements in energy storage technologies, could dominate. There's growing potential for nuclear energy with safer, more efficient next-generation reactors. Additionally, hydrogen fuel and bioenergy technologies might evolve as feasible mainstream energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable and diversified energy matrix.
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Sustainability is crucial for development because it ensures that the actions taken today do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Development processes often involve the exploitation of resources, whether they are natural, economic, or social. If these resources are used in an unsustainable manner, they can become depleted or degraded, leading to serious consequences for both the environment and human well-being.
Sustainability prompts us to consider a holistic and long-term perspective on development activities, integrating environmental, social, and economic factors to create a balanced approach that supports both current and future needs. This is essential for maintaining the planet’s health, ensuring equitable distribution of resources, and supporting ongoing human development without causing irreversible damage to the environment or societal structures.
“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the disscusion of development? Discuss.
The statement "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person" highlights the challenges of resource allocation and equity within the context of development. This serves as a powerful reminder that although the planet technically possesses sufficient resources to support the global population, inequitable distribution and overconsumption driven by greed lead to scarcity and sustainability issues.
This sentiment underscores the importance of managing resources responsibly and making development choices that do not favor short-term benefits for a few at the cost of long-term detriment for many. Sustainable development aims to correct these imbalances by promoting fair access to resources, reducing excessive consumption, and ensuring that all people have the opportunity to meet their basic needs without compromising future generations' ability to do the same.
List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Environmental degradation can manifest in several forms, of which a few common issues might include:
Deforestation – Removal of large areas of trees or forests for urban development or agricultural use.
Air Pollution – Release of harmful chemicals and particulates from vehicles, factories, and burning of fossil fuels.
Water Pollution – Contamination of water bodies through industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and marine dumping.
Soil Erosion – Loss of fertile topsoil due to farming practices, deforestation, or construction activities.
Loss of Biodiversity – Species extinction due to habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change.
Urban Sprawl – Expansion of urban areas into the countryside, leading to habitat destruction and increased pollution.
Land Degradation – Decline in the quality of the land due to overuse for agricultural purposes, deforestation, and improper land management.
For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Country | Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (2017 PPP $) | Life Expectancy at birth | Mean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and above | HDI Rank in the world (2021-22) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka | 12,578 | 76.4 | 10.8 | 73 |
India | 6,590 | 67.2 | 6.7 | 132 |
Myanmar | 3,851 | 65.7 | 6.4 | 149 |
Pakistan | 4,624 | 66.1 | 4.5 | 161 |
Nepal | 3,877 | 68.4 | 5.1 | 143 |
Bangladesh | 5,472 | 72.4 | 7.4 | 129 |
Based on the data provided in Table 1.6, here are the details about which country is at the top and which is at the bottom for each indicator:
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (2017 PPP $)
Top: Sri Lanka ($12,578)
Bottom: Myanmar ($3,851)
Life Expectancy at birth
Top: Sri Lanka (76.4 years)
Bottom: Myanmar (65.7 years)
Mean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and above
Top: Sri Lanka (10.8 years)
Bottom: Pakistan (4.5 years)
HDI Rank in the world (2021-22)
Top: Sri Lanka (Rank 73)
Bottom: Pakistan (Rank 161)
The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2019-21. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
state | male % | female % |
---|---|---|
Kerala | 8.5 | 10 |
Karnataka | 17 | 21 |
Madhya Pradesh | 28 | 28 |
All States | 20 | 23 |
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words
(i) Nutritional Level Comparison:
Kerala: The percentages of undernourished males and females are 8.5% and 10% respectively. These figures are relatively lower, indicating a better nutritional status compared to Madhya Pradesh.
Madhya Pradesh: Both males and females have an undernourishment rate of 28%. This is significantly higher compared to Kerala, indicating a poorer nutritional status.
The data shows that the overall nutritional level in Kerala is significantly better than in Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Reasons for Undernourishment Despite Sufficient Food Availability:
Inequality in Food Distribution: Despite overall sufficient food production, the distribution mechanisms might not be efficient or equitable, leading to food not reaching all segments of the population.
Economic Disparity: Financial constraints among poorer sections prevent them from accessing sufficient nutritious food. Even if food is available, it may not be affordable for all.
Lack of Nutritional Awareness: People might not be aware of nutritional requirements and thus may not choose a balanced diet even if they have access to food.
Storage and Wastage Issues: A significant amount of food is wasted due to inadequate storage and preservation facilities, reducing the actual amount available for consumption.
These factors contribute to why a notable percentage of the population might remain undernourished despite the country having enough food production.
💡 Have more questions?
Ask Chatterbot AINotes - Development | Class 10 Understanding Economic Development | Social Science
Understanding Development
In the Class 10 curriculum, "development" refers to progress in various dimensions of human life. It's essential to understand the different perspectives people hold about development and the indicators we can use to measure it.
Measuring Economic Development
Economic development is commonly measured using income levels and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, these methods have limitations. For instance, using income alone doesn't account for disparities and the overall quality of life.
Alternative Indicators for Development
While income is a significant measure, newer indicators focus on quality of life and environmental sustainability. The Human Development Index (HDI) is one such measure that combines income, education, and health indicators. Another critical concept is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts per capita income to reflect the cost of living and inflation rates.
Comparing Countries and States
To understand development better, countries or states can be compared using various indicators like GDP, HDI, and even life expectancy rates.
Individual and Group Goals
Different categories of people, from farmers to industrialists, have unique developmental goals. Often, these goals may conflict; for example, a businessperson might prioritize economic returns while a local community may value environmental sustainability.
Income and Non-Income Goals
Beyond income, people seek non-material goals such as freedom, security, equality, and respect. These factors significantly contribute to the quality of life and are crucial in assessing development.
National Development Perspectives
National development isn't universally defined. People's notions of what constitutes national development can vary significantly. Ensuring that developmental policies are fair and just for all is a complex but necessary endeavor.
Importance of Public Facilities
Public facilities like healthcare, education, and clean water significantly impact development. For example, Kerala's low infant mortality rate is largely due to its robust public health system.
Sustainability in Development
To ensure that our current development levels can be maintained for future generations, we need to focus on sustainability. This involves managing renewable resources like groundwater and aiming for minimal reliance on non-renewable resources like crude oil.
Human Development Report Insights
The Human Development Report by the UNDP is an excellent resource for comparing countries across multiple development indicators, including education levels and life expectancy.
Activities and Real-Life Applications
Body Mass Index: Calculate your BMI to understand nutritional status.
Public Facility Study: Compare public health facilities in your area with those in another region for a practical understanding of public distribution systems.
Conclusion
From income measurements to environmental sustainability, development is a multi-faceted concept. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the essential themes, ensuring you're well-prepared for further studies.
🚀 Learn more about Notes with Chatterbot AI