A worker is an individual who is employed and performs work in exchange for wages or salary. This can include: 1. **Skilled workers**: Individuals with specialized skills or training. 2. **Unskilled workers**: Individuals without specialized skills or training. 3. **Blue-collar workers**: Typically involved in manual labor or factory work. 4. **White-collar workers**: Typically involved in office, administrative, or managerial work. 5. **Freelancers**: Individuals who offer services on a project or contract basis. Workers can be full-time, part-time, or temporary employees, and they may work in various sectors such as manufacturing, services, agriculture, or technology.

Define worker-population ratio.

The worker-population ratio is a measure used to evaluate the proportion of a population that is actively engaged in the workforce. It is calculated by dividing the total number of employed individuals by the total working-age population and is usually expressed as a percentage. The formula is: $ \\text{Worker-Population Ratio} = \\left( \\frac{\\text{Number of Employed People}}{\\text{Working-Age Population}} \\right) \\times 100 % $ This ratio provides insights into the level of employment in an economy and can indicate the economic health and productivity of the population.

Are the following workers - a beggar, a thief, a smuggler, a gambler? Why?

From an economic perspective, "work" is typically defined as productive activity that generates value within an economy and often involves lawful, structured tasks. 1. **Beggar**: A beggar is generally not considered a worker because they do not produce goods or services that add economic value. Begging involves soliciting money from others without offering a compensatory good or service in return. 2. **Thief**: A thief is not considered a worker because their activities are illegal and they acquire goods or money through theft rather than through productive means. Theft involves taking others' property unlawfully, which does not contribute positively to the economy. 3. **Smuggler**: While a smuggler does engage in activities that could be considered "work" in the sense that they are providing a service (illegally transporting goods), their activities are illegal and often detrimental to the formal economy. Therefore, smugglers are typically not considered legitimate workers. 4. **Gambler**: A gambler is generally not considered a worker because gambling involves placing bets with the aim of winning money, which is speculative and does not produce goods or services. While professional gambling does require skill, it is still not typically categorized as productive work.

Find the odd man out (i) owner of a saloon (ii) a cobbler (iii) a cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society of your area (iv) a tuition master (v) transport operator (vi) construction worker.

The odd man out in the list is **(iii) a cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society of your area**. **Reason:** - (iii) A cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society is a salaried employee, typically working in the formal sector with a fixed income and various employment benefits. **The others (Characteristics of informal sector employment):** - (i) Owner of a saloon - (ii) A cobbler - (iv) A tuition master - (v) A transport operator - (vi) A construction worker These individuals typically fall into the informal sector, where they manage their own small businesses, provide services independently, or work on a casual basis, without the fixed salaries and employment benefits associated with formal sector jobs.

The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sector (service/manufacturing).

The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the **service** sector.

An establishement with four hired workers is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (formal/informal) sector establishment.

An establishment with four hired workers is known as a **formal** sector establishment.

Raj is going to school. When he is not in school, you will find him working in his farm. Can you consider him as a worker? Why?

Raj's situation exemplifies a combination of schooling and informal work. Whether he can be considered a worker depends on the context in which we are evaluating him. 1. **Economic Perspective:** - If we consider the economic definition of a worker, it generally refers to an individual who is engaged in an activity that generates economic value, whether for remuneration or subsistence. Since Raj works on his farm, which potentially contributes to his household's income or sustenance, he can be considered a worker. 2. **Educational Context:** - In an educational context, Raj is primarily a student. His school attendance prioritizes his role as a student. The work on the farm could be seen as supplementary to his primary goal of education. 3. **Labour Laws and Child Labour:** - There are often legal considerations regarding child labour. If Raj is under the legal working age specified by his country’s labor laws, his work on the farm might be considered child labour, depending on the number of hours worked and the conditions.

Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working. Why?

The higher employment rates among rural women compared to their urban counterparts can be attributed to several factors: 1. **Agricultural Dependence**: Rural economies tend to rely heavily on agriculture, where women often participate in farming, animal husbandry, and other related activities. This labor is critical for maintaining household income and food security. 2. **Informal Work**: In rural areas, there are more opportunities for informal work, including small-scale trading, handicrafts, and home-based industries that do not always exist in urban settings. 3. **Economic Necessity**: Rural households often have lower income levels, requiring all able members, including women, to contribute to the family income. 4. **Lack of Education**: In some regions, rural women might have less access to education, limiting their opportunities for formal employment. As a result, they may be more likely to engage in available local work, even if it is informal or agricultural. 5. **Cultural Factors**: In some rural communities, cultural norms and family structures might support or expect women to work, especially in family-run farms or businesses. These factors combine to create a higher employment rate among rural women compared to urban women.

Meena is a housewife. Besides taking care of household chores, she works in the cloth shop which is owned and operated by her husband. Can she be considered as a worker? Why?

Yes, Meena can be considered a worker. Here’s why: ### Economic Contribution 1. **Labor Contribution**: Meena's involvement in the cloth shop signifies an economic activity where she contributes labor towards the production or sale of goods. 2. **Opportunity Cost**: Even though she is not directly paid, the time spent working in the shop could be spent elsewhere, potentially earning a wage. Hence, her labor has an opportunity cost. ### Recognition in Economics: 1. **Unpaid Family Workers**: Economically, individuals working in a family business without direct compensation are recognized as "unpaid family workers". This is a common classification in labor statistics. 2. **Productive Activity**: Any engagement in productive activities, whether paid or unpaid, can classify an individual as a worker. This includes work in a family-owned business. ### Legal and Societal Context: 1. **Legal Definition**: Depending on the country, labor laws might categorize unpaid family workers within the framework of employees or workers, recognizing their contribution. 2. **Societal Value**: Sociologically, recognizing Meena as a worker also acknowledges the societal value of her unpaid labor, highlighting its contribution to the family income and overall economy. Thus, Meena’s role in the cloth shop does qualify her to be considered as a worker due to her active participation in productive labor, contributing to the economic activities of the household and the wider economy.

Find the odd man out (i) rickshaw puller who works under a rickshaw owner (ii) mason (iii) mechanic shop worker (iv) shoeshine boy.

The odd man out is (iv) the shoeshine boy. Here’s the reasoning: - (i) Rickshaw puller who works under a rickshaw owner is a form of employment where the rickshaw owner provides the rickshaw, and the puller works for wages or shares the earnings. - (ii) Mason is a skilled laborer who typically works for wages or on contract. - (iii) Mechanic shop worker is typically employed by the shop and earns wages. - (iv) Shoeshine boy is usually engaged in self-employment, working independently, and directly charging customers for the service. The key difference is that the shoeshine boy is self-employed, whereas the others typically work under an employer or for wages.

The following table shows distribution of workforce in India for the year 1972-73. Analyse it and give reasons for the nature of workforce distribution. You will notice that the data is pertaining to the situation in India about 50 years ago! | Place of Residence Workforce (in millions) | Workforce (in millions) | |---|---| | Male | Female | Total | | | | | | | Rural | 125 | 69 | 195 | | Urban | 32 | 7 | 39 |

### Observations and Reasons: 1. **Predominance of Rural Workforce**: - **Observation**: The majority of the workforce (195 million out of 234 million) resided in rural areas, which is approximately 83.33% of the total workforce. - **Reasons**:Agriculture was the primary occupation in rural India, employing a large number of people.Limited industrial and service sector development in urban areas led to fewer urban employment opportunities.Higher population concentration in rural areas compared to urban regions. 2. **Female Workforce Distribution**: - **Observation**: There is a significant difference in the number of working females between rural (69 million) and urban (7 million) areas. - **Reasons**:Rural women were actively involved in agricultural activities, which did not require formal education and were often family-run.Social and cultural norms in urban areas of that time might have discouraged or restricted women from working outside the home.Lack of access to education and professional training for women in urban areas reduced their participation in the formal workforce. 3. **Gender Disparity in Workforce**: - **Observation**: There was a significant gender gap in both rural and urban workforces. In rural areas, 69 million females worked compared to 125 million males. In urban areas, 7 million females worked compared to 32 million males. - **Reasons**:Societal norms and patriarchal systems predominantly governed the roles of males and females, with males taking up paid employment.Women’s roles were largely confined to household duties and informal sectors, which were not well-documented in formal employment data.Educational disparities meant fewer women had access to education, limiting their job opportunities in both rural and urban settings. 4. **Urban Workforce**: - **Observation**: The total workforce in urban areas was significantly smaller (39 million) compared to rural areas (195 million). - **Reasons**:During the 1970s, India was still experiencing early stages of industrialization and urbanization. Most economic activities were centered around agriculture in rural areas.Migration from rural to urban areas was not as pronounced as it is today, leading to a smaller urban workforce.Urban industries and services had not yet expanded sufficiently to attract a large workforce from rural areas.

The following table shows the population and worker population ratio for India in 1999-2000. Can you estimate the workforce (urban and total) for India? | Region | Estimates of Population (in crores) | Worker Population Ratio | Estimated No. of Workers (in crores) | |---|---|---|---| | Rural | 71.88 | 41.9 | $\\frac{71.88}{100} \\quad 41.9=30.12$ | | Urban | 28.52 | 33.7 | | | Total | 100.40 | 39.5 | |

Based on the given data, the workforce for the urban and total populations in India for 1999-2000 are estimated as follows: 1. **Urban Workforce**: - *Population*: 28.52 crores - *Worker Population Ratio*: 33.7% - *Estimated Number of Workers*: $ \\frac{28.52 \\times 33.7}{100} = 9.61 $ crores 2. **Total Workforce**: - *Population*: 100.40 crores - *Worker Population Ratio*: 39.5% - *Estimated Number of Workers*: $ \\frac{100.40 \\times 39.5}{100} = 39.658 $ crores

Why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas?

Regular salaried employees are more prevalent in urban areas compared to rural areas for several reasons: 1. **Economic Activity**: Urban areas typically have a higher concentration of businesses, industries, and services that offer regular salaried jobs. These areas are centers of economic activity and have more opportunities for formal employment. 2. **Education and Skills**: Urban populations often have better access to education and training facilities, leading to higher skill levels. Employers in urban areas tend to require more specialized skills that are more likely to be found among the urban workforce. 3. **Infrastructure**: Urban areas generally have better infrastructure, including transportation, communication, and utilities, which are attractive to businesses that offer regular salaried jobs. 4. **Service Sector Concentration**: A significant portion of salaried jobs are in the service sector, which is more concentrated in urban areas. This includes jobs in finance, healthcare, education, IT, and other professional services. 5. **Government and Corporate Offices**: Urban areas are often home to government offices, multinational corporations, and head offices of companies that offer regular salaried employment. 6. **Access to Markets**: Businesses in urban areas have better access to larger markets, both for selling their products and for sourcing inputs, making it more feasible to sustain regular salaried employment. 7. **Urbanization and Migratory Trends**: Migration from rural to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities further increases the concentration of regular salaried employees in urban regions.

Why are less women found in regular salaried employment?

Fewer women are found in regular salaried employment for a variety of economic, cultural, and social reasons. Here are some key factors: 1. **Gender Discrimination**: Women often face discrimination in hiring, promotion, and pay in many industries. This can limit their opportunities for regular salaried positions. 2. **Educational Attainment**: In some regions, women may have less access to education and training than men, limiting their qualifications for salaried employment. 3. **Work-Life Balance**: Women are often expected to bear a disproportionate share of domestic responsibilities, including childcare and eldercare. This dual burden can make it difficult to commit to full-time, regular salaried jobs. 4. **Occupational Segregation**: Certain sectors and industries that offer regular salaried employment may be dominated by men, either due to historical trends or cultural biases. Women are often clustered in lower-paying, less secure jobs. 5. **Maternity and Family Leave Policies**: Inadequate maternity leave and lack of support for childcare can discourage women from entering or remaining in regular salaried employment. 6. **Social Norms and Cultural Barriers**: In many societies, traditional gender roles may dictate that men are the primary breadwinners, while women are expected to focus on home-making and child-rearing. 7. **Lack of Mentorship and Networking**: Women often have fewer opportunities for mentorship and professional networking, which can be crucial for career advancement. Understanding these factors is important for addressing gender disparities in the labor market and creating policies that support equal employment opportunities for women.

Analyse the recent trends in sectoral distribution of workforce in India.

The sectoral distribution of the workforce in India has experienced notable changes in recent years. Here's a general analysis of the trends: 1. **Agricultural Sector:** - **Decline in Workforce:** The percentage of the workforce employed in agriculture has been steadily declining. Despite the sector's significant contribution to employment historically, the share of agriculture in the workforce has reduced due to various factors such as low productivity, urbanization, and better opportunities in other sectors. - **Slowdown in Rural Employment:** The migration of rural workers to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities and living standards has contributed to the decline. 2. **Industrial Sector:** - **Moderate Growth:** On the other hand, the industrial sector, including manufacturing, mining, and construction, has seen moderate growth in workforce employment. However, the growth has not been as significant as expected, partially due to automation and mechanization which reduce the need for labor. - **Manufacturing Sector Struggles:** Despite initiatives like Make in India, the manufacturing sector has not seen a substantial increase in employment levels. 3. **Service Sector:** - **Significant Growth:** The service sector has emerged as the largest employer in recent years. The IT industry, healthcare, education, banking, and financial services have driven this growth. - **Urban Employment:** Most jobs in the service sector are concentrated in urban areas, contributing to urbanization trends. 4. **Informal Sector:** - **Prevalence:** A significant portion of employment in India is still in the informal sector. This includes daily wage laborers, small vendors, and contractual workers with limited job security and benefits.

Compared to the 1970s, there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries. Comment.

The statement that "there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries compared to the 1970s" can be analyzed through several economic and labor market factors: 1. **Industrial Shifts**: - **1970s:** The 1970s saw a significant portion of the workforce engaged in manufacturing and primary industries such as agriculture, mining, and construction. - **Present Day:** There has been a substantial shift towards the service sector, including finance, information technology, healthcare, and education. This change has been driven by technological advancements, globalization, and shifts in consumer demand. 2. **Technological Advancements**: - **Automation and Robotics:** The rise of automation and robotics has reduced the demand for labor in manufacturing and some service industries, reallocating labor towards more technology-driven sectors. - **Information Technology:** The IT revolution has created new job roles and industries that did not exist in the 1970s. 3. **Globalization**: - **Outsourcing and Global Supply Chains:** Many manufacturing jobs have moved to countries with lower labor costs, further reducing the workforce in traditional manufacturing sectors in developed economies. 4. **Service Sector Growth**: - **Healthcare and Education:** An aging population and the increasing importance of education have bolstered employment in these sectors. - **Professional Services:** Growth in consultancy, legal, financial services, and other professional services has increased their share in the workforce distribution. 5. **Gig Economy and Flexible Work Arrangements**: - **Gig Economy:** There has been a rise in freelance, part-time, and temporary jobs, altering the traditional employment landscape. In conclusion, the statement does not accurately reflect the considerable changes in workforce distribution across various industries since the 1970s. The economic landscape has evolved significantly, shifting from manufacturing and primary industries to service-oriented and technologically advanced industries.

Do you think that during 1950-2010 employment generated in the country is commensurate with the growth of GDP in India? How?

Between 1950 and 2010, India's GDP grew significantly, transforming the country from an agrarian economy to a more diversified one with increasing contributions from industry and services. However, the employment patterns during this period do not seem to be fully commensurate with the growth in GDP. Here are some key points to consider: 1. **Economic Growth**: India's GDP grew at a relatively high rate, particularly after economic liberalization in 1991. There were periods of high growth rates, especially in the 2000s. 2. **Employment Pattern**: Despite significant GDP growth, employment generation did not keep pace. The rate of growth in jobs was slower compared to the rate of economic growth. Many sectors that contributed to GDP growth, particularly technology and services, are not labor-intensive. 3. **Structural Changes**: The structural transformation involved a decline in the share of agriculture in GDP while the service sector expanded. However, a large portion of the labor force remained in agriculture, which did not experience commensurate productivity gains. 4. **Unemployment and Underemployment**: India's job market saw persistent issues with underemployment and informal employment, meaning that many jobs created were low-wage and lacked job security. 5. **Quality of Employment**: There was a disparity in the quality of jobs being created. High GDP growth did not necessarily translate into high-quality job creation for a majority of the workforce. 6. **Growth in Informal Sector**: A significant portion of employment in India remained in the informal sector, which is characterized by low incomes and poor working conditions. Thus, while India's GDP witnessed robust growth, the employment generated during 1950-2010 was not entirely commensurate with that growth. The challenge has been to create sufficient, high-quality jobs to match the rapid economic expansion.

Is it necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector? Why?

Yes, it is necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than the informal sector due to multiple benefits. Formal sector jobs offer better job security, legal protection, pensions, and health benefits, leading to improved employee welfare. This sector also ensures compliance with labor laws, minimum wage, and safe working conditions. Additionally, the formal sector contributes more significantly to a country's tax revenue and facilitates better record-keeping and regulation. Employment in the formal sector also usually involves better training and professional development opportunities, enhancing worker productivity and skill levels, which in turn supports economic growth and development. Conversely, the informal sector often lacks these advantages, making it less sustainable and beneficial for long-term economic stability.

Victor is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day, he is looking for work. Is he unemployed? Why? What kind of jobs could persons like Victor be doing?

Victor is considered underemployed rather than unemployed. Unemployment typically refers to individuals who are actively seeking work but are unable to find any job at all. Since Victor is able to work for two hours a day, he is not completely jobless but rather not working to the full extent of his capabilities or desires. ### Reasons Victor is Underemployed: 1. **Part-Time Employment**: He's only employed for a fraction of the workday (2 hours). 2. **Seeking More Work**: He spends the rest of his day looking for additional employment opportunities, indicating his willingness and need for more work. ### Types of Jobs for Persons Like Victor: People like Victor, who are underemployed, might engage in: 1. **Freelance Gigs**: Such as freelance writing, graphic design, or online tutoring. 2. **Part-Time Retail Jobs**: Working in a store for limited hours. 3. **Temporary Employment**: Short-term jobs or seasonal work. 4. **Gig Economy Jobs**: Working for ride-sharing services, delivery, or other task-based jobs. 5. **Casual Labor**: Jobs that do not have regular work hours or consistent workloads. Overall, underemployment highlights the mismatch between the employment status and the capacity of the worker, which can lead to economic inefficiencies and personal dissatisfaction.

You are residing in a village. If you are asked to advice the village panchayat, what kinds of activities would you suggest for the improvement of your village which would also generate employment. 120 words

To enhance the village and generate employment, I recommend focusing on agriculture, education, infrastructure, and skill development. 1. **Agriculture**: Promote modern farming techniques, organic farming, and diversification of crops. Establish cooperative societies for marketing. 2. **Education**: Set up vocational training centers, improve schools, and provide adult education programs to enhance literacy and skills. 3. **Infrastructure**: Improve roads, water supply, sanitation, and healthcare facilities to attract investments and improve quality of life. 4. **Skill Development**: Offer training in crafts, dairy farming, fisheries, and small-scale industries like weaving and pottery. 5. **Tourism**: Develop local tourism by showcasing the village's cultural heritage, creating homestay services, and promoting local festivals. Together, these activities can stimulate economic growth and create job opportunities.

Who is a casual wage labourer?

A casual wage labourer is a worker who is employed on a temporary or non-regular basis and is paid wages typically at daily or periodic intervals. These labourers generally do not have permanent employment or a guaranteed income and work under short-term contracts or for specific tasks. Casual wage labourers often do not receive employment benefits such as healthcare, paid leave, or job security. Their employment is often flexible and can be terminated with little or no notice.

How will you know whether a worker is working in the informal sector?

To determine whether a worker is working in the informal sector, several characteristics and indicators can be considered: 1. **Lack of Formal Contracts**: Workers in the informal sector typically do not have formal employment contracts. 2. **No Legal or Social Protection**: Informal workers usually don't have access to social security benefits like health insurance, retirement benefits, or unemployment insurance. 3. **Absence of Regulation**: Informal sector jobs are often not regulated by labor laws concerning minimum wages, working conditions, or work hours. 4. **Cash Payments**: Wages are usually paid in cash, without official records. 5. **Job Insecurity**: Employment tends to be more precarious, with a higher likelihood of job losses and less stability. 6. **Small Scale Operations**: Informal sector comprises small-scale operations often run by family members or small groups. 7. **Non-registered Enterprises**: Businesses in the informal sector are often not registered with the government or any statutory body. 8. **Self-Employment**: A significant portion of informal workers are self-employed without formal business registration. By evaluating these indicators, one can reasonably determine if a worker is part of the informal sector.

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Employment : Growth, Informalisation And Other Issues Class 11

Explore employment trends, informalisation, and social issues in India's economy. Understand participation, unemployment, and government initiatives for job creation.

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Notes - Employment : Growth, Informalisation And Other Issues | Class 11 Indian Economic Development | Economics

Comprehensive Class 11 Notes on Employment: Growth, Informalisation, and Other Issues

Understanding the employment landscape in any country is crucial for grasping its economic health and social dynamics. For Class 11 students, this article offers a comprehensive exploration of employment, highlighting its growth, the trend towards informalisation, and related issues.

A broad overview depicting various sectors of employment such as agriculture, manufacturing, and services, with workers engaged in these activities in an Indian rural and urban setting.

Introduction to Employment

Definition of Employment and Worker

Employment refers to the engagement in activities that contribute to the gross national product (GNP) of a country. Workers include all individuals participating in economic activities, regardless of whether they are paid or self-employed.

Importance of Studying Employment

Studying employment patterns helps us understand the quality of employment, the contribution of different sectors to national income, and the social issues related to workforce dynamics.

Basic Concepts Related to Employment

Economic Activity and Its Contributors

Economic activities are those that produce goods and services of value in a country. They include a wide range of sectors, from agriculture to services.

The Workforce and GDP Interrelation

The total money value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year is its gross domestic product (GDP). The workforce's contribution is crucial in generating this GDP.

Participation in Economic Activities

Worker-Population Ratio

The worker-population ratio (WPR) indicates the proportion of a country's population engaged in economic activities. A higher ratio signifies greater economic engagement.

Employment Participation by Gender and Area

Employment rates vary significantly between men and women and between rural and urban areas. Rural areas often exhibit higher participation due to limited educational and employment opportunities.

Types of Employment

Self-Employed and Hired Workers

Workers can be self-employed, regular salaried employees, or casual wage labourers. The self-employed, such as small business owners, form a significant portion of the Indian workforce.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sectors

pie title Employment by Sectors "Primary": 45 "Secondary": 24 "Tertiary": 31

Employment is divided into three major sectors:

Primary Sector: Includes agriculture, mining, and quarrying.
Secondary Sector: Includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities.
Tertiary Sector: Includes services like trade, transport, and finance.

Employment Growth Trends

Employment vs. GDP Growth

India has experienced fluctuating GDP growth rates, often outpacing employment growth, leading to a phenomenon known as jobless growth.

Jobless Growth and its Implications

Jobless growth indicates that while the country's economy is growing, it is not generating corresponding employment opportunities.

Informalisation of Workforce

Definition and Impact of Informalisation

Informalisation refers to the increase in employment in the informal sector, which often lacks job security and social benefits.

Characteristics of Informal Sector Jobs

Informal sector jobs are typically characterised by low wages, lack of social security, and unstable employment conditions.

Government’s Role in Employment Generation

Direct Employment Initiatives

The government employs individuals in various sectors, including administration, public enterprises, and state-run industries.

Indirect Employment Mechanisms

Government policies and initiatives indirectly create jobs through infrastructure projects and schemes aimed at boosting the private sector.

Key Government Schemes for Employment

Significant schemes include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which assures 100 days of employment annually to rural households.

Unemployment in India

Types of Unemployment (Open, Disguised, Seasonal)

Open Unemployment: When individuals actively seek but cannot find work.
Disguised Unemployment: More workers are employed than necessary, often observed in agriculture.
Seasonal Unemployment: Jobs available only during certain seasons, common in farming.

Data Sources and Measurement of Unemployment

Unemployment data in India is sourced from the census, National Statistical Office (NSO), and other government surveys.

Changes in Employment Structure

Sector-wise Distribution of Employment

pie title Workforce Distribution by Sector (2017-2018) "Primary Sector (Agriculture)": 44.6 "Secondary Sector (Industry)": 24.4 "Tertiary Sector (Services)": 31

Over the years, there has been a significant shift from agricultural (primary) employment to industrial (secondary) and service (tertiary) sectors.

Status-wise Distribution of Employment

pie title Employment Status in India (2017-2018) "Self-employed": 52.2 "Regular Salaried Employees": 22.8 "Casual Wage Labourers": 25.0

Social Issues and Employment

Gender Disparities in Employment

Women, especially in rural areas, have lower participation rates in the workforce due to social norms and economic conditions.

Child Labour and Marginalised Workforce

Child labour and exploitation of marginalised communities remain critical issues within the employment sector.

Impact of Technology and Outsourcing

Technological Advances in Employment

Technological advancements have transformed traditional employment patterns, enabling remote work and automation.

Outsourcing and its Effects on Traditional Employment

Outsourcing has led to the informalisation of many jobs, with large firms outsourcing specialised tasks to smaller enterprises or individuals.

Conclusion and Future Trends

Summary of Employment Trends

The workforce in India has seen significant changes, with a shift towards service sector jobs and an increase in informal employment.

Anticipated Changes in Employment Patterns

Future trends suggest that technological advancements and government policies will continue to shape employment patterns, with a likely emphasis on formalising the workforce and improving job security.

Understanding these dynamics is essential for planning and improving India's human resource potential while addressing the social issues within the workforce.

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Employment : Growth, Informalisation And Other Issues Class 11

Contents

Notes - Employment : Growth, Informalisation And Other Issues | Class 11 Indian Economic Development | Economics

Comprehensive Class 11 Notes on Employment: Growth, Informalisation, and Other Issues

Introduction to Employment

Definition of Employment and Worker

Importance of Studying Employment

Basic Concepts Related to Employment

Economic Activity and Its Contributors

The Workforce and GDP Interrelation

Participation in Economic Activities

Worker-Population Ratio

Employment Participation by Gender and Area

Types of Employment

Self-Employed and Hired Workers

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sectors

Employment Growth Trends

Employment vs. GDP Growth

Jobless Growth and its Implications

Informalisation of Workforce

Definition and Impact of Informalisation

Characteristics of Informal Sector Jobs

Government’s Role in Employment Generation

Direct Employment Initiatives

Indirect Employment Mechanisms

Key Government Schemes for Employment

Unemployment in India

Types of Unemployment (Open, Disguised, Seasonal)

Data Sources and Measurement of Unemployment

Changes in Employment Structure

Sector-wise Distribution of Employment

Status-wise Distribution of Employment

Social Issues and Employment

Gender Disparities in Employment

Child Labour and Marginalised Workforce

Impact of Technology and Outsourcing

Technological Advances in Employment

Outsourcing and its Effects on Traditional Employment

Conclusion and Future Trends

Summary of Employment Trends

Anticipated Changes in Employment Patterns

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Meena is a housewife. Besides taking care of household chores, she works in the cloth shop which is owned and operated by her husband. Can she be considered as a worker? Why?

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Do you think that during 1950-2010 employment generated in the country is commensurate with the growth of GDP in India? How?

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