List some of the cloud-based services that you are using at present.

Here are some common **cloud-based services** that people often use: 1. **Storage Services:** - Google Drive - Dropbox - iCloud 2. **Email Services:** - Gmail - Outlook.com - Yahoo Mail 3. **Streaming Services:** - Netflix - Amazon Prime Video - Spotify 4. **Office Productivity Services:** - Google Docs - Microsoft Office 365 5. **Collaboration Tools:** - Slack - Microsoft Teams - Zoom 6. **Software Development Tools:** - GitHub - GitLab - AWS CodeCommit These services utilize **cloud computing** to offer various functionalities that can be accessed from anywhere using the Internet.

What do you understand by the Internet of Things? List some of its potential applications.

### Internet of Things (IoT) **Internet of Things (IoT)** refers to a **network of devices** that have **embedded hardware and software** to **communicate** (connect and exchange data) with other devices on the same network. These devices use sensors and microcontrollers to gather data from the environment and transmit this data over the internet. The aim is to create a network of 'smart' devices that can work together to optimize various tasks with minimal human intervention. ### Potential Applications of IoT 1. **Smart Homes**: - Remotely control and monitor home appliances (e.g., lights, thermostats). - Enhance home security using smart locks and surveillance systems. 2. **Healthcare**: - Remote monitoring of patient health through wearable devices. - Real-time updates and emergency alerts to healthcare providers. 3. **Smart Cities**: - Intelligent management of city infrastructure (e.g., traffic management, waste management). - Enhanced public safety through interconnected surveillance systems. 4. **Agriculture**: - Monitoring soil moisture levels and weather conditions. - Automating irrigation systems to optimize water usage. 5. **Industrial Automation**: - Predictive maintenance of machinery to reduce downtime. - Real-time monitoring of supply chains and inventory levels. 6. **Transportation**: - Fleet management and tracking of vehicles for logistics companies. - Real-time traffic updates and smart parking solutions. 7. **Energy Management**: - Smart grids that optimize electricity distribution and consumption. - Renewable energy management, such as solar panel efficiency monitoring. By integrating IoT devices and networks, various sectors can significantly enhance their efficiency, safety, and user experience.

Write short notes on the following: a) Cloud Computing b) Big data and its Characteristics

### Cloud Computing **Cloud computing** is an emerging trend in information technology where **services are delivered over the Internet** or the "cloud." These services include software, hardware (servers), databases, storage, and more. Cloud computing allows users to access these services from anywhere using any device. Key points include: - **On-Demand Resources**: Users can avail of resources as needed and are usually charged based on usage, making it cost-effective. - **Service Models**: There are three primary models: - **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**: Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. - **Platform as a Service (PaaS)**: Offers hardware and software tools over the internet, often for application development. - **Software as a Service (SaaS)**: Delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis. ### Big Data and its Characteristics **Big Data** refers to extremely large data sets that are complex and challenging to process using traditional data processing tools. With the rapid growth of internet usage and digitalization, data is being generated at an unprecedented rate. Here are its key characteristics, often called the "5 Vs": - **Volume**: The sheer amount of data being generated is massive. Traditional DBMS tools struggle to handle such large volumes. - **Velocity**: This refers to the speed at which data is generated and processed. Big data is characterized by an exponentially higher rate of generation compared to traditional data sets. - **Variety**: Big data comes in various forms including **structured, semi-structured, and unstructured** data types such as text, images, videos, and more. - **Veracity**: This relates to the trustworthiness of the data. **Inconsistency, biases, and noise** in the data can affect its quality. - **Value**: Big data often holds valuable insights and patterns, making it highly valuable for businesses and organizations. However, extracting this value requires substantial processing and analysis. By understanding these aspects, organizations can better leverage big data for strategic decision-making and innovation.

Explain the following along with their applications. a) Artificial Intelligence b) Machine Learning

### a) Artificial Intelligence (AI) **Artificial Intelligence (AI)** is the endeavor to simulate the **natural intelligence of human beings** into machines, making them behave intelligently. An **intelligent machine** is supposed to imitate cognitive functions of humans like **learning**, **decision making**, and **problem-solving**. AI systems use a **knowledge base** consisting of facts, assumptions, and rules to make decisions and can learn from past experiences to improve future decisions. #### Applications of AI: - **Smartphone Maps:** Guide you to take the fastest route by analyzing real-time data like traffic congestion. - **Automatic Tagging in Social Networks:** Recognizes and tags friends in uploaded photos. - **Digital Personal Assistants:** Siri, Google Now, Cortana, and Alexa use AI for providing assistance. ### b) Machine Learning (ML) **Machine Learning** is a subsystem of AI wherein computers have the ability to **learn from data** using **statistical techniques**, without being explicitly programmed by humans. It involves algorithms that learn from data (i.e., training data) to **make predictions**. These models are tested and, once achieving an acceptable level of accuracy, they can be used for new data predictions. #### Applications of ML: - **Predictive Analytics:** Making predictions based on historical data, such as financial forecasting or weather prediction. - **Recommendation Systems:** Algorithms suggest products or services, such as in e-commerce (Amazon) or entertainment (Netflix). In summary, **AI** generalizes intelligent behavior in machines, while **ML** focuses on the ability of machines to learn and make predictions from data.

Differentiate between cloud computing and grid computing with suitable examples.

### Key Differences 1. **Resource Nature**: - **Cloud Computing**: Resources are virtualized and provided as a service on-demand. - **Grid Computing**: Resources are often physical and brought together for a common goal. 2. **Scalability and Elasticity**: - **Cloud Computing**: Highly scalable and elastic, allowing users to scale resources up or down based on demand. - **Grid Computing**: Less flexible; resources are pooled together for specific tasks and are not as dynamically scalable. 3. **Usage and Cost**: - **Cloud Computing**: Typically involves pay-per-use models, where users pay for the resources they consume. - **Grid Computing**: Costs are usually shared among participants, and the focus is more on resource sharing than on consumption-based billing. 4. **Management and Maintenance**: - **Cloud Computing**: Managed by cloud service providers who handle maintenance, security, and infrastructure updates. - **Grid Computing**: Typically managed collaboratively by the participating institutions or organizations, requiring shared responsibility for maintenance and resource allocation.

Justify the following statement: "Storage of data is cost-effective and time saving in cloud computing."

**Storage of data is cost-effective and time-saving in cloud computing** because of the following reasons: 1. **Pay-per-Use Model**: Cloud service providers charge based on usage, allowing businesses to pay only for the storage they actually use. This eliminates the need for significant upfront investment in hardware. 2. **Scalability**: Cloud storage can easily scale up or down based on demand, avoiding the costs associated with over-provisioning or under-provisioning hardware. 3. **Maintenance-Free**: The maintenance, security, and upgrades of the storage infrastructure are handled by the cloud provider, saving time and resources. 4. **Global Accessibility**: Data stored in the cloud can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection, enhancing collaboration and reducing the need for physical storage devices. 5. **Disaster Recovery**: Cloud services often include built-in disaster recovery solutions, reducing the risk and cost associated with data loss and system downtimes. These features make cloud storage not only cost-effective by reducing capital and operational expenditures but also time-saving by simplifying data management and accessibility.

What is on-demand service? How it is provided in cloud computing?

**On-demand service** in the context of cloud computing refers to the capability to provision, manage, and utilize computing resources like storage, processing power, and applications as and when needed, without the need for human intervention. This type of service ensures that users can access the resources they need immediately, and these resources can be scaled up or down based on the user's requirements. ### How It Is Provided in Cloud Computing In cloud computing, on-demand services are provided through various models and technologies such as: 1. **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**: - Users can provision virtual machines, storage, and network resources on demand. - They have control over the operating systems, storage, and deployed applications. - This model provides a flexible and scalable way to manage resources without investing in physical hardware. 2. **Platform as a Service (PaaS)**: - Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure. - It includes operating systems, development tools, database management systems, and web servers. - Resources can be utilized as needed to develop and deploy applications swiftly. 3. **Software as a Service (SaaS)**: - Users can access applications over the internet without installing or maintaining them. - Examples include Google Docs, Microsoft Office 365, and Dropbox. - The software is licensed on a subscription basis and is scalable to meet the user's needs on demand. In essence, **cloud service providers** offer these resources through a utility-based model, similar to how utilities like electricity are provided. Users can access the exact amount of resources they need, whenever they need them, and are billed based on their usage.

Write examples of the following: a) Government provided cloud computing platform b) Large scale private cloud service providers and the services they provide

### a) Government provided cloud computing platform **MeghRaj:** The Government of India has embarked upon an ambitious initiative named **'MeghRaj'**. MeghRaj is a cloud-based initiative aimed at utilizing and harnessing the benefits of cloud computing to provide efficient and cost-effective e-services to the government and its stakeholders. ### b) Large scale private cloud service providers and the services they provide 1. **Amazon Web Services (AWS):** - **Services:** Compute power (EC2), Storage (S3, Glacier), Database (RDS, DynamoDB), Machine Learning (SageMaker), and many others. 2. **Microsoft Azure:** - **Services:** Virtual machines, Databases (SQL Database), AI & Machine Learning (Azure ML), DevOps tools, and many more. 3. **Google Cloud Platform (GCP):** - **Services:** Compute Engine, Cloud Storage, BigQuery (data analytics), Machine Learning (AI Platform), Networking, and more. **Note:**These private providers offer services across **IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service),** and **SaaS (Software as a Service)** models.

A company interested in cloud computing is looking for a provider who offers a set of basic services, such as virtual server provisioning and on demand storage that can be combined into a platform for deploying and running customised applications. What type of cloud computing model fits these requirements? a) Platform as a Service b) Software as a Service c) Application as a Service d) Infrastructure as a Service

The type of cloud computing model that fits these requirements is **d) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**. IaaS provides **virtual server provisioning** and **on-demand storage**, which can be combined into a platform for deploying and running customized applications.

If the government plans to make a smart school by applying IoT concepts, how can each of the following be implemented in order to transform a school into IoT-enabled smart school? a) e-textbooks b) Smart boards c) Online Tests d) Wifi sensors on classrooms doors e) Sensors in buses to monitor their location f) Wearables (watches or smart belts) for attendance monitoring.

To transform a school into an **IoT-enabled smart school**, the following implementations can be done: ### a) e-textbooks **E-textbooks** can be made available on **connected devices** such as tablets, e-readers, or laptops. These devices can interface with a central server to **update content** in real-time and allow **interactive features** such as annotations, quizzes, and multimedia content. ### b) Smart boards **Smart boards** can be connected to the school’s network, enabling teachers to present multimedia lessons stored in the **cloud**. They can also **record sessions**, which can be accessed later by students. Integration with student devices can allow for\*\* interactive lessons\*\* and real-time feedback. ### c) Online Tests **Online tests** can be implemented using a **centralized examination system** connected to student devices. This system can automate **grading, provide instant results**, and maintain **academic records** securely in the cloud. It can also use analytics to track student performance over time. ### d) Wifi sensors on classrooms doors **Wifi sensors on classroom doors** can monitor **entry and exit** times of students and faculty. These **sensors** can send real-time updates to a central system, ensuring **security and maintaining attendance records** automatically. ### e) Sensors in buses to monitor their location **GPS Sensors** in school buses can **monitor and report their location** in real-time. Parents and school administrators can use an **app to track the buses**, receive **ETA notifications**, and get alerts in case of any route deviations or delays. ### f) Wearables (watches or smart belts) for attendance monitoring **Wearable devices** like **smart watches** or **smart belts** can be provided to students. These devices can **automatically log attendance** when students enter or leave the school premises using **RFID or NFC technology**. They can also monitor physical activity and be used for **alerting parents and school officials** in case of emergencies. By leveraging these IoT implementations, the school can create a **more efficient, secure, and engaging learning environment**.

Five friends plan to try a startup. However, they have a limited budget and limited computer infrastructure. How can they avail the benefits of cloud services to launch their startup?

To launch their startup with a limited budget and computer infrastructure, the friends can **leverage cloud services** in the following ways: 1. **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**: - **Provision Virtual Servers**: Rent virtual machines to run applications without investing in physical servers. - **Storage and Backup**: Use cloud storage for data backups, which ensures data safety and accessibility. **Example providers**: AWS EC2, Google Cloud Compute Engine, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines. 2. **Platform as a Service (PaaS)**: - **Develop and Deploy Applications**: Utilize pre-configured platforms to develop, test, and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure. **Example providers**: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services. 3. **Software as a Service (SaaS)**: - **Use Business Tools**: Access essential business applications such as email, collaboration tools, and CRM systems on a subscription basis. **Example providers**: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce. 4. **Cost Efficiency**: - **Pay-as-you-go Model**: Pay only for the services and resources they actually use, avoiding large upfront expenses. - **Scalability**: Easily scale up or down based on demand, thereby optimizing the use of resources and costs. By using these cloud services, the friends can **reduce initial capital expenditures**, ensure **scalability** for growth, and maintain **operational efficiency**.

Governments provide various scholarships to students of different classes. Prepare a report on how blockchain technology can be used to promote accountability, transparency and efficiency in distribution of scholarships?

### **Using Blockchain Technology to Enhance Scholarship Distribution** **1. Introduction to Blockchain Technology:** Blockchain is a **decentralized and shared database** where each computer has a copy of the database. It maintains an **'append-only' open ledger** which is updated only after all nodes within the network authenticate the transaction. The technology promotes **openness and security**, ensuring that data is tamper-proof. **2. Enhancing Accountability:** - **Immutable Records:** Each transaction is time-stamped and recorded in a block that once added to the blockchain cannot be altered or deleted. This ensures that all records of scholarship disbursements are permanent and can be audited at any time. - **Traceability:** Every transaction is linked to the previous one, creating a chain of data blocks. This means that each step in the scholarship distribution process can be traced, from application submission to successful disbursement, ensuring a clear audit trail. **3. Promoting Transparency:** - **Open Ledger:** The blockchain ledger is shared among all participants, including educational institutions, government bodies, and students. This ensures that the entire process is transparent and visible to all stakeholders. - **Public Verifiability:** Scholarship disbursements can be easily verified by any interested party. Transparency in the process discourages any malpractices or fraudulent activities. **4. Ensuring Efficiency:** - **Automated Processes:** Smart contracts can be used to automate the scholarship application, review, and disbursement process. These contracts execute predefined actions when certain conditions are met, speeding up the process and reducing the need for manual intervention. - **Reduced Errors:** As data is entered only once and shared among all parties, the chances of errors due to data duplication or inconsistencies are minimized. - **Real-Time Updates:** Blockchain allows for real-time updating and monitoring of the scholarship distribution process. This ensures timely disbursements and helps in quickly addressing any issues that may arise. **implementation steps:** 1. **Digitizing Scholarship Applications:** Shift the application process to a blockchain-based system to ensure all data is securely stored and easily accessible. 2. **Smart Contracts for Automation:** Develop smart contracts to handle the vetting process of applicants, ensuring that only eligible students receive scholarships. For example, once a student's grades and financial status are verified, the smart contract can automatically approve and initiate the disbursement. 3. **Transparent Disbursement Process:** Use blockchain to track the flow of funds from the government or funding organization to the end recipients. Each step can be monitored and verified by all stakeholders. 4. **Audit and Compliance:** Automatically generate audit trails and compliance checks through the blockchain ledger, reducing overhead and ensuring all disbursements are above board.

How are IoT and WoT related?

**IoT (Internet of Things)** and **WoT (Web of Things)** are closely related concepts, but they differ in their scope and implementation: 1. **IoT (Internet of Things)**: - Refers to a **network of devices** that have embedded hardware and software enabling them to **communicate (connect and exchange data)** with other devices. - It allows various devices like bulbs, fans, refrigerators, etc., to be remotely controlled and monitored via the Internet. 2. **WoT (Web of Things)**: - Builds on IoT but goes further to use **web protocols** to facilitate **interacting with ‘things’** over the web. - It aims to create a standard **web interface** to interact with multiple IoT devices, potentially reducing the need to use different apps for different devices. In essence, **IoT** makes devices **smart and connected**, while **WoT** standardizes the way we **access and control** these devices using web technologies. This approach can streamline the interaction, making it more efficient and user-friendly.

Match the columns: | Column A | Column B | |---|---| | 1\. You got a reminder to take medication | A. Smart Parking | | 2\. You got an SMS alert that you forgot to lock the door | B. Smart Wearable | | 3\. You got an SMS alert that parking space is available near your block | C. Home Automation | | 4\. You turned off your LED TV from your wrist watch | D. Smart Health |

Here is the matching of columns: | Column A | Column B | |---|---| | 1. You got a reminder to take medication | D. **Smart Health** | | 2. You got an SMS alert that you forgot to lock the door | C. **Home Automation** | | 3. You got an SMS alert that parking space is available near your block | A. **Smart Parking** | | 4. You turned off your LED TV from your wrist watch | B. **Smart Wearable** |

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Emerging Trends Class 11 Notes and Solutions

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Notes - Emerging Trends | Class 11 NCERT | Computer Science

Comprehensive Class 11 Notes on Emerging Trends in Technology

Introduction to Emerging Trends

Technology is evolving at an unprecedented pace. Understanding emerging trends is vital for students to stay abreast of the latest advancements and developments. This knowledge equips them with a broader perspective and prepares them for future innovations and challenges.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is AI?

Artificial Intelligence aims to simulate human intelligence in machines, making them capable of performing tasks that typically require human cognition, such as learning, decision-making, and problem-solving. AI is integrated into various applications, from digital personal assistants like Siri and Google Now to automated tagging of photos on social networking sites.

Applications of AI

AI applications are diverse and growing rapidly. Here are a few examples:

Intelligent Personal Assistants: Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Alexa.
Navigation: Real-time data analysis for traffic and route optimisation in map applications.

Machine Learning

A subset of AI, Machine Learning (ML) involves algorithms that allow computers to learn from data. These algorithms can predict outcomes without explicit programming. Machine Learning models are trained and tested using data sets, and once they achieve an acceptable level of accuracy, they make predictions on new data.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

NLP enables interaction between computers and humans using natural languages. It includes applications like predictive typing in search engines and automated customer service systems.

How NLP Works

NLP systems can perform tasks such as text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversions. They are rapidly becoming integral in fields like automated translation and customer support.

Immersive Experiences

Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality creates a three-dimensional, computer-generated environment. Users can immerse themselves and interact with this environment using VR headsets. VR is used in various domains, including gaming, military training, and medical procedures.

Augmented Reality (AR)

Unlike VR, Augmented Reality overlays computer-generated information on the real world. It adds digital elements to the physical world, making the environment interactive and manipulable.

Robotics

Robotics involves designing, constructing, operating, and using robots. Robots are used for repetitive tasks, especially in industries, and in fields like medical science, scientific research, and military applications. Examples include NASA's Mars Exploration Rover and humanoid robots like Sophia.

Big Data

Big Data refers to large and complex data sets that cannot be processed using traditional data processing tools. It includes data from various sources like social media posts, instant messages, images, and more.

Characteristics of Big Data

Volume: The size of the data.
Velocity: The speed at which data is generated and processed.
Variety: Different types of data such as text, images, and videos.
Veracity: The trustworthiness of the data.
Value: The useful information hidden within the data.

Data Analytics

Data analytics involves examining data sets to draw conclusions. It is used in various fields to make informed decisions and verify scientific hypotheses. Tools like Python's Pandas library facilitate data analysis.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects devices with embedded hardware and software to a network, enabling them to communicate and collaborate. Common examples include smart home devices like connected thermostats and security systems.

Web of Things (WoT)

While IoT focuses on connecting devices, WoT uses web services to integrate these devices, allowing for seamless interaction through a unified platform.

Role of Sensors

Sensors are crucial in IoT applications. They detect physical conditions like motion or temperature and convert them into data that can be analysed and acted upon.

Smart Cities

IoT and advanced communication technologies contribute to the development of smart cities. These cities use data and technology to optimise resource management and improve the quality of life. Examples include smart buildings, bridges, and transport systems.

A futuristic classroom showing various IoT devices

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing delivers services such as storage, databases, and software over the Internet, enabling access from any device, anywhere.

Cloud Services

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtual machines, storage, and network infrastructure.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform to develop, test, and deploy applications.
Software as a Service (SaaS): Provides software applications accessible via the internet, like Google Docs and Microsoft Office 365.

Grid Computing

Grid computing is a network of geographically dispersed computational resources working together to solve large tasks. Unlike cloud computing, which focuses on delivering services, grid computing combines resources to create a virtual supercomputer.

graph LR A[User Request] --> B[Grid Node 1] A --> C[Grid Node 2] A --> D[Grid Node 3] B --> E[Process Task] C --> E D --> E E --> F[Combined Results]

Blockchain Technology

Blockchain uses a decentralised and shared database where each node has a copy of the ledger, ensuring data security and transparency. It is widely used in digital currencies and is now being explored in healthcare, land registration, and voting systems.

Concept of Blockchain

graph TD A[Transaction Initiation] --> B[Block Creation] B --> C[Block Verification] C --> D[Adding Block to Chain] D --> E[Updated Ledger]

Use of Emerging Technologies as Assistive Tools

Emerging technologies like AI, VR, and IoT provide valuable tools for assisting people with disabilities. For example, NLP facilitates communication, while VR offers immersive experiences for therapy.

Conclusion

Understanding the emerging trends in technology is crucial for staying updated and informed. These trends not only revolutionise various industries but also offer innovative solutions to everyday problems and challenges. Embracing these technologies equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to thrive in an ever-evolving digital landscape.

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Emerging Trends Class 11 Notes and Solutions

Contents

Notes - Emerging Trends | Class 11 NCERT | Computer Science

Comprehensive Class 11 Notes on Emerging Trends in Technology

Introduction to Emerging Trends

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is AI?

Applications of AI

Machine Learning

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

How NLP Works

Immersive Experiences

Virtual Reality (VR)

Augmented Reality (AR)

Robotics

Big Data

Characteristics of Big Data

Data Analytics

Internet of Things (IoT)

Web of Things (WoT)

Role of Sensors

Smart Cities

Cloud Computing

Cloud Services

Grid Computing

Blockchain Technology

Concept of Blockchain

Use of Emerging Technologies as Assistive Tools

Conclusion

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